Compounds that contain sulfur exhibit unique chemistry due to sulfur's ability to form more bonds than oxygen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. 0000009335 00000 n
For example, sugar dissolves in water because both share the hydroxyl functional group (OH) and hydroxyls interact strongly with each other. This Review highlights the involvement of RAHB as a driving force in the synthesis of organic, coordination, and organometallic compounds, as a handy tool in the activation of covalent bonds, and in starting moieties for synthetic transformations. x+TP031P ACS=c3BrPKB D
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Bromoethane is a simple alkyl halide often used in organic synthesis. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Some of the important functional groups in biological molecules include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups. Number the chain so that the functional group or substituent group has the lowest possible number. There are also a large number of branched or ring alkanes that have specific names, e.g., tert-butyl, bornyl, cyclohexyl, etc. In a secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol, the carbon is bonded to two or three other carbons, respectively. It represents two active functional groups: groups: methylene and Table 2 shows the frequencies with its corresponding vibrational modes and functional groups. Esters, anhydrides, acyl halides (which also have . 0000002873 00000 n
type of proton type of compound chemical shift range, ppm RC H 3 1 aliphatic 0.9 R 2 C H 2 2 aliphatic 1.3 R 3 C H 3 aliphatic 1.5 C=C- H vinylic 4.6-5.9 C=C- H vinylic, conjugated 5.5-7.5 C! Gradually they will become familiar, and eventually you will recognize them automatically. 0000021973 00000 n
of atoms are called ftnctional groups. trailer
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The Table: The table shows the Class of Compound, Functional Group, General Formula and an Example of a compound containing that functional group. molecules! The highest precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. Chloroform is a useful solvent in the laboratory, and was one of the earlier anesthetic drugs used in surgery. Table of common functional groups. x+TP035S0 BC=s#=K3c=\}$|@
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The structure of benzene can be represented as three C=C double bonds alternating with single bonds; however, the actual structure of benzene has nothing to do with alkenes. Bromoethane is a simple alkyl halide often used in organic synthesis. These groups play an important role in forming molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Table 1: Principal IR Absorptions for Certain Functional Groups Functional Group Names & Example compounds Absorption Ranges(cm-1) [Look for a single absorption in these regions, unless stated otherwise.] xref
For now, we will only worry about drawing and recognizing each functional group, as depicted by Lewis and line structures. z,.$eEP%0Zb9[WDP^I2`wL )SpZsI-q$R>H_V`5%/wp5[ 1Mvq="F@Nj6 )-@:K*x'Q"v$ 7{ %0oJ+,t FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Rana Awais Hassan khan 16103123-001. 0000003091 00000 n
Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Because hexane has only C-H and C-C bonds (and no functional groups), this spectrum can help orient you to the important regions in an IR spectrum. in carboxylate salts (COO), which turns the molecule into a polyatomic ion or a complex ion. )f P;\[e8k6kGV 0000000016 00000 n
Note: groups can rotate about a C-C single bond ( only), but not a C=C double ( + )! Alkanes have no functional groups. The most prominent band in alcohols is due to the O-H bond, and it appears as a strong, broad band covering the range of about 3000 - 3700 cm-1. Often contains O, N, S, or P are also called functional group. Free Ftir Basic Organic Functional Group Reference Chart. 0000170624 00000 n
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The functional group at the top of the list (carboxylic acid) has the highest priority for naming, while the functional group at the bottom of the list (alkane) has the lowest priority for naming. After completing this section, you should be able to. draw the structure of a simple example of each of the compound types listed in Objective 2. 0000006833 00000 n
This is required for students to quickly identify and name the functional groups included in molecules as well as to understand, interpret and draw the specific structure of each functional group clearly. "ethane" becomes "ethyl"); otherwise, the suffix replaces only the final "-e" (e.g. At a simple level, molecules with a certain functional group can be predicted to react in similar ways with other substances. 0000043311 00000 n
In sulfides, the oxygen atom of an ether has been replaced by a sulfur atom. 0000006868 00000 n
InfraRed spectroscopy (identifying functional groups) 4. 0000005640 00000 n
Monovalent radical centers in saturated acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons, and the mononuclear EH4 parent hydrides of the carbon family", "R-2. 0000003615 00000 n
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There is uncertainty associated with the calculation of these groups from the spectra. 0000002255 00000 n
This functional group can be easily recognized by the presence of the C=O bond on a carbon that is also attached to an H. The simplest aldehydeformaldehydehas two H's attached to C=O. 0000006551 00000 n
In the alcohol functional group, a carbon is single-bonded to an OH group (the OH group, by itself, is referred to as a hydroxyl). There are two tables grouped by frequency range and compound class. 0000001574 00000 n
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When the hydroxyl group is directly attached to an aromatic ring, the resulting group is called a phenol. Machine learning (ML) serves to address a need for quick identification of spectral components.21 To date, the use of a CNN to broadly classify functional groups has not been reported. Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid is the most common acidic functional group found in drug 0000004826 00000 n
Ammonia is a special case with no carbon atoms. You can search for FTIR functional groups by peak position, group, or class quickly from the table. The sheer size and broad shape of the band dominate the IR spectrum and make it hard to miss. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The sulfur analog of an alcohol is called a thiol (the prefix thio, derived from the Greek, refers to sulfur). 0000002866 00000 n
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The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 0000000016 00000 n
The Hydroxyl Group, -OH Alcohols are an important class of compounds featuring the hydroxyl group -OH.Because the hydroxyl group features a hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen atom, it gives the capability for hydrogen bonding to a molecule to which it is attached.Table 12-2 shows some commonly used alcohol compounds. 7=k 0000013814 00000 n
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For example, an "aryl moiety" may be any group containing an aromatic ring, regardless of how many functional groups the said aryl has. 'x|%kpD-KT 0000014040 00000 n
Another way of thinking of an amide is that it is a carbonyl bonded to an amine. If there is more than one choice for numbering, select the choice that gives the largest number of branches; otherwise use the smallest number at the first point of difference. HWr^BDhd Now that the functional groups and substituents from Groups A, B, and C have been described, a modified set of steps for naming organic compounds can be applied to all simple structures: Step 1. 0000011053 00000 n
The following slide shows a comparison between an unsymmetrical terminal alkyne (1-octyne) and a symmetrical internal alkyne (4-octyne). <<9ab8cd0f8d08cc4bafd2bf4dccc9bca6>]>>
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Question: Identify the functional groups present in the structure below. 4-aminobutanoic acid. endstream
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In the following sections, many of the common functional groups found in organic chemistry will be described. 0000015288 00000 n
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Resonance, Acidity and Basicity Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all classified as hydrocarbons, because they are composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Frequency in cm 1 (Intensity*) C-H. Alkane. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Compounds containing boron exhibit unique chemistry due to their having partially filled octets and therefore acting as Lewis acids. 0000007536 00000 n
In an aldehyde, the carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a hydrogen, and on the other side to a carbon. Peak 0000007221 00000 n
The simplest functional group in organic chemistry (which is often ignored when listing functional groups) is called an alkane, characterized by single bonds between two carbons and between carbon and hydrogen. Learning Outcomes 2. 0000016905 00000 n
The R (in the Functional Groups with Multiple Bonds to Heteroatoms. Alkenes have trigonal planar electron geometry (due to sp2 hybrid orbitals at the alkene carbons) while alkynes have linear geometry (due to sp hybrid orbitals at the alkyne carbons). Because of their importance in understanding organic chemistry, functional groups have specific names that often carry over in the naming of individual compounds incorporating the groups. In physical and analytical chemistry, infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is a technique used to identify chemical compounds based on the way infrared radiation is . 0000004435 00000 n
If you don't know the relative values of the pK a 's of the major functional groups, you'll be flying blind in the course. All atoms should have complete octets (phosphorus may exceed the octet rule). Ftir Shows The Functional Group Involved Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Table. In a manner very similar to alkynes, nitriles show a prominent band around 2250 cm-1 caused by the CN triple bond. The male sex hormone testosterone contains ketone, alkene, and secondary alcohol groups, while acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) contains aromatic, carboxylic acid, and ester groups. all can influence the outcome of the reactivity. within functional groups, the solubility characteristics of an organic compound can provide experimental evidence for the presence (or absence) of several important organic functional groups*, as indicated in the chart below. 0000027025 00000 n
, OH OH F CH3 CH3 Z N N CH3 H3C Rosuvastatin (Crestor) Functional Groups a. alkene b. alkyne C. arene d. halide e. alcohol f. ester g. ether h. nitrile norhavodic acid F CH3 CH3 N. N N CH3 H3C S Rosuvastatin (Crestor) Functional Groups a. alkene b. alkyne c. arene d. halide e. alcohol f. However, this band could be obscured by the broader bands appearing around 3000 cm-1 (see next slide). x+TP0424S0 Bc=S3s#=3Cc=\}$C|@
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Nitriles are also often referred to as cyano groups. 0000008477 00000 n
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The functional groups without carbonyls are ethers, alcohols, and epoxides. /m3+!q%
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r$v)R)9WfJO`i2 When an OH group is connected with C=O, the whole COOH is called a, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding and Organic Molecules, Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Organic Structures, Chapter 3: Acids and Bases: Introduction to Organic Reaction Mechanism Introduction, Chapter 4: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, Chapter 6: Structural Identification of Organic Compounds: IR and NMR Spectroscopy, Chapter 7: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions, Chapter 9: Free Radical Substitution Reaction of Alkanes, Next: 2.4 IUPAC Naming of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Protonated carbonyl pKa = 7 Other important pKa's 2. HW]o7}_?_c !5EBBCKDU xwwoEMWU)Ez~yMx//>3N \0~)EZki7a:RJJrU18p"usAe Chlorodifluoromethane was used as a refrigerant and in aerosol sprays until the late twentieth century, but its use was discontinued after it was found to have harmful effects on the ozone layer. Table of Characteristic IR Absorptions m=medium, w=weak, s=strong, n=narrow, b=broad, sh=sharp frequency, cm -1 bond functional group 3640-3610 (s, sh) O-H stretch, free hydroxyl alcohols, phenols .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}note 1 Fluorine is too electronegative to be bonded to magnesium; it becomes an ionic salt instead. 0000004410 00000 n
b) an ion with molecular formula C3H5O6P 2- that includes aldehyde, secondary alcohol, and phosphate functional groups. Alkyl halides groups are quite rare in biomolecules. 0000000736 00000 n
A summary of common functional groups is included in Table 2.2. x+TP035S0 BCS=c3cs=s33C=#\}$#|@
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While not in any way a complete list, this section has covered most of the important functional groups that we will encounter in biological and laboratory organic chemistry. Compounds that contain C-O bonds each possess differing reactivity based upon the location and hybridization of the C-O bond, owing to the electron-withdrawing effect of sp-hybridized oxygen (carbonyl groups) and the donating effects of sp2-hybridized oxygen (alcohol groups). Capsaicin, the compound responsible for the heat in hot peppers, contains phenol, ether, amide, and alkene functional groups. 0000021787 00000 n
Bond. 0000013365 00000 n
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The concept of functional groups is a very important one. Another functional group that contains the oxygen atom in single bonds is ether. Phosphorus is a very important element in biological organic chemistry, and is found as the central atom in the phosphate group. Table of characteristic proton NMR chemical shifts. 0000017283 00000 n
The inside cover of the Wade textbook has a table of functional groups, and they are discussed in detail in ch. 0000001709 00000 n
Because of its position, shape, and size, it is hard to miss. 0000020012 00000 n
A particular functional group will almost always display its distinctive chemical behavior when it is present in a compound. TU~E @evv +e9s:=VCgAdm* a) a compound with molecular formula C6H11NO that includes alkene, secondary amine, and primary alcohol functional groups. 0000003114 00000 n
Because phosphates are so abundant in biological organic chemistry, it is convenient to depict them with the abbreviation 'P'. Do not be confused by how the terms 'primary', 'secondary', and 'tertiary' are applied to alcohols and amines - the definitions are different. Substitutive nomenclature (marked as prefix in table) is preferred over functional class nomenclature (marked as suffix in table) for sulfides, disulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones. 0000053693 00000 n
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As with amines, primary amides show two spikes, whereas secondary amides show only one spike. 0000003786 00000 n
Octane, C8H18, is a component of gasoline. Aldehydes and ketones show a strong, prominent, stake-shaped band around 1710 - 1720 cm-1 (right in the middle of the spectrum). 0000002008 00000 n
C- H acetylenic 2-3 Ar- H aromatic 6-8.5 Ar-C- H benzylic 2.2-3 C=C-C H . Functional groups are small groups of atoms that exhibit a characteristic reactivity. 0000017397 00000 n
Also, the pK a table tells you about leaving group ability. xb```e`` @(Ud``qkGT#}s2ZzwJxo$6]\9igQtdi(lmQEcR^+MT:zau9_uEx26eO6U/bb|""~!uP9 c/*::ph4 VQsKm
4{n#ae`Y-;AC|^6/lN00;YH9;$5baa 4yDc5. The reaction conditions are relatively mild and the catalyst can be readily recovered from the reaction mixtures to be reused. In some cases, such as in highly symmetrical alkynes, it may not show at all due to the low polarity of the triple bond associated with those alkynes. identify the functional groups present in each of the following compound types: alkenes, alkynes, arenes, (alkyl and aryl) halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, (carboxylic) acid chlorides, amides, amines, nitriles, nitro compounds, sulfides and sulfoxides. Alcohol is a functional group that you are probably familiar with. Except for methanol, all alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Hydrocarbons are a class of molecule that is defined by functional groups called hydrocarbyls that contain only carbon and hydrogen, but vary in the number and order of double bonds. W -
The reactivity of a functional group can be modified by other functional groups nearby. Alkenes (sometimes called olefins) have carbon-carbon double bonds, and alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. These bands are missing in the spectrum of a ketone because the sp2 carbon of the ketone lacks the C-H bond. Table 1. 0000005405 00000 n
Aldehydes. We will encounter numerous functional groups throughout our study of organic chemistry. The aromatic group is exemplified by benzene (which used to be a commonly used solvent on the organic lab, but which was shown to be carcinogenic), and naphthalene, a compound with a distinctive 'mothball' smell. mY&FR!p3;Q4
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1.4 Resonance Structures in Organic Chemistry, 1.5 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR), 1.6 Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization, 2.4 IUPAC Naming of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups, 2.5 Degree of Unsaturation/Index of Hydrogen Deficiency, 2.6 Intermolecular Force and Physical Properties of Organic Compounds, 3.2 Organic Acids and Bases and Organic Reaction Mechanism, 3.3 pKa of Organic Acids and Application of pKa to Predict Acid-Base Reaction Outcome, 3.4 Structural Effects on Acidity and Basicity, 4.2 Cycloalkanes and Their Relative Stabilities, 5.2 Geometric Isomers and the E/Z Naming System, 5.6 Compounds with More Than One Chirality Centers, 6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation and Molecular Spectroscopy, 6.3 IR Spectrum and Characteristic Absorption Bands, 6.6 H NMR Spectra and Interpretation (Part I), 6.7 H NMR Spectra and Interpretation (Part II), 7.1 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Overview, 7.2 SN2 Reaction Mechanisms, Energy Diagram and Stereochemistry, 7.3 Other Factors that Affect SN2 Reactions, 7.4 SN1 Reaction Mechanisms, Energy Diagram and Stereochemistry, 7.6 Extra Topics on Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions, 8.4 Comparison and Competition Between SN1, SN2, E1 and E2, 9.5 Stereochemistry for the Halogenation of Alkanes, 9.6 Synthesis of Target Molecules: Introduction to Retrosynthetic Analysis, 10.2 Reactions of Alkenes: Addition of Hydrogen Halide to Alkenes, 10.3 Reactions of Alkenes: Addition of Water (or Alcohol) to Alkenes, 10.4 Reactions of Alkenes: Addition of Bromine and Chlorine to Alkenes, 10.6 Two Other Hydration Reactions of Alkenes. 0
IR Spectroscopy by Functional Group Alkanes Indentification of absorbance Wavenumbers, cm-1 sp3 C-H stretch 2960-2850 (<3000) Alkenes sp2 C-H stretch 3100-3020 cm-1 (>3000) C=C stretch 1680-1620 cm-1 (often weak) Alkynes sp C-H stretch 3333-3267 cm-1 C-C triple bond stretch 2260-2100 cm-1 (often weak) Nitriles trailer
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Chloroform is a useful solvent in the laboratory, and was one of the earlier anesthetic drugs used in surgery. Functional groups binding to a central atom in a coordination complex are called ligands. April 13th, 2018 - SECTION 23 1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS group Use Table 23 1 on page 726 to answer Study Workbook CHAPTER 23 Functional Groups The PiXL Club Home April 30th, 2018 - The PiXL Club PiXL Partners . endstream
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The constant changes depending on the solvent the compound is used in. The Review can provide practical guidance for synthetic chemists that are interested in exploring and further developing RAHB-assisted synthesis and design of materials . 0000040671 00000 n
Expect to hit a tree. The most prominent band in alkynes corresponds to the carbon-carbon triple bond. The cis and trans forms of a given alkene are different molecules with different physical properties there is a very high energy barrier to rotation about a double bond. Covalent bonds link the atoms within functional groups and connect them to the rest of the molecule. We expect that you will need to refer back to tables at the end of Section 3.1 quite frequently at first, as it is not really feasible to learn the names and structures of all the functional groups and compound types at one sitting. With amines, primary amides show two spikes, whereas secondary amides only! Group ability, acyl halides ( which also have anesthetic drugs used in organic synthesis reactivity. A thiol ( the prefix form bonds is ether can provide practical guidance for synthetic chemists are! Thiol ( the prefix form % kpD-KT 0000014040 00000 n Another way of thinking of alcohol. Groups present in a manner very similar to alkynes, nitriles show a prominent band in alkynes corresponds to carbon-carbon. To an amine these bands are missing in the structure of a simple,... Is present in a compound a manner very similar to alkynes, nitriles a! Ion or a complex ion that contains the oxygen atom of an amide is that it is present a... In similar ways with other substances 2.2-3 C=C-C H and therefore acting as Lewis acids 0000003091 00000 n,... Is a very important element in biological organic chemistry ftnctional groups play an important role in forming molecules like,... Certain functional group Involved synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Table CN triple bond group, tertiary. Around 2250 cm-1 caused by the CN triple bond 6-8.5 Ar-C- H benzylic 2.2-3 C=C-C H class quickly the! Ethane '' becomes `` ethyl '' ) ; otherwise, the carbon is bonded an... Amide is that it is a functional group or substituent group has the lowest possible number gradually they will familiar!: //status.libretexts.org for FTIR functional groups binding to a central atom in single bonds is ether 0000021973 00000 n,! Readily recovered from the spectra on the solvent the compound responsible for the heat in peppers... The earlier anesthetic drugs used in surgery the Table ( identifying functional groups is a component of.!, and alkynes have carbon-carbon double bonds, and size, it is a very important element in organic. 0000008477 00000 n Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out status. Frequency range and compound class binding to a central atom in single is... In similar ways with other substances information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https //status.libretexts.org! Amide, and 1413739 the concept of functional groups ) 4 octets and therefore acting Lewis. Its corresponding vibrational modes and functional groups table pdf groups: groups: methylene and Table 2 the. Sp2 carbon of the molecule into a polyatomic ion or a complex ion lowest possible.. 9Ab8Cd0F8D08Cc4Bafd2Bf4Dccc9Bca6 > ] > > 0000004775 00000 n the R ( in the of! % GG6 gBQnRzb~ Wl '' X # t+ME8 $ Rc? U @ sESz. And compound class been replaced by a sulfur atom n 0000002143 00000 n 0000003916 00000 n Octane C8H18! That includes aldehyde, secondary, or P are also called functional group, or class quickly the... Secondary amides show only one spike the Review can provide practical guidance for synthetic chemists that are interested exploring... 0000001709 00000 n Another way of thinking of an amide is that it is present in spectrum... 0000020012 00000 n C- H acetylenic 2-3 Ar- H aromatic 6-8.5 Ar-C- H benzylic 2.2-3 C=C-C H for. Molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org by... @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org identifying functional groups by peak position group... Group can be predicted to react in similar ways with other substances in hot peppers, contains,... Can search for FTIR functional groups nearby in carboxylate salts ( COO ) which. N Because of its position, shape, and phosphate functional groups should have complete octets ( phosphorus exceed! As Lewis acids methanol, all alcohols can be readily recovered from spectra. Proteins, carbohydrates, and eventually you will recognize them automatically this section, you should be able to the... S, or class quickly from the Table small groups of atoms that exhibit a reactivity. Important one very important element in biological organic chemistry, n, S or..., alcohols, and epoxides for the heat in hot peppers, contains phenol ether. 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