300 blackout 150 grain load data lil gun

Overall, this ammo is designed to be versatile, reliable, and standard, giving you consistent shooting at conventional velocities. They weigh in on the heavier side at 200-grains. Lil'Gun is my super powder. /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/HODGDON_LOGO_DARK.png, https://hodgdon.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/LILGUN_1LB.jpg. Although her family hobby was horse shows and barrel racing, her father introduced her to USPSA in high school. Rifles are not always the best choice for home defense weapons, but that is also largely dependent on the environment, location, and other key factors. They also provide a low flash signature to keep your position concealed. Overall reliability and accuracy are aided by high-quality shell cases and primers. I'm also using 15gr Lil-gun with the Hornady 150gr flat base soft points. These are apparently actually Hornady A-max match grade bullets. These cartridges are designed to perform well in practically any use case including plinking, target shooting, hunting, self-defense, or law enforcement. lou romano related to ray romano; home land under 50000 sevier county, tn 135 Grain Sierra MatchKing IMR 4227 18.3 2,075 N/A AR15.Com reserves the right to overwrite or replace any affiliate, commercial, or monetizable links, posted by users, with our own. My brass and primers do not show any signs of over pressure with 17.2 grains. He volunteers as an alter sever at Mass on Sunday at church and is a member in the Civilian Airpatrol Program. Just curious, as my only reason for the 150's is that they are inexpensive. If you do a rough comparison of muzzle energy of the 300 AAC Blackout to the 7.6239 (AK-47) round, youll see a slight edge to the AK with a 100 grain bullet. Any idea where to start? Jake travels the country shooting, directing precision rifle matches, and teaching precision rifle classes. They come in boxes of 20. Make a list of your expectations for your application. Michael Lutes is the managing editor and owner at Gun Mann. AR platform, 8" Wilson Combat barrel, standard gas port size and gas block, obviously pistol lenght gas system, 1-7" twist. Aguila hails from Morelos, Mexico. Thanks for reading. I should add that most of what I have read indicates that max loads have much greater pressure variations. But its insanely cool, quiet and useful at ranges of 100 yards or less. I find the 300 BO to be just a glorified 7.6238 round They run so close together they could be faternal twins. Yea, I got tired of the big $ 30 cal slugs too.. so I bought a Lyman #311334, 190gr spitzer mold back when I was 16. I can see the drop, but to the Left ? Required fields are marked *. Moderators:gds, bakerjw, renegade, bamachem, Post Well talk about that in detail next week. That opinion being said is there any reason that loading data for the 300 BO can not be used and worked up on the 7.6239? Yep, essentially the same ballistics, or very close, depending on barrel length. The top features are the various innovations in the projectile design. The bullets are also cannelured for a solid case crimp. Not only is this ammo accurate and reliable, but it also offers superior consistency for tighter groups without flyers. Do the math to calculate the total number of combinations of: A half dozen primer types Exceptions would be just that. The 300 Blackout was originally designed to provide similar performance to the 7.62x39mm Soviet round in an AR-15 with a standard magazine and bolt. "Don't tell fish stories where the people know you; but particularly. Evolving from its military roots, the 300 Blackout has developed into a versatile cartridge that is useful for hunting, home defense, and target shooting both competitive and non. Buzz, But first, NEVER, EVER, EVER RELY ON LOAD DATA FROM SECONDHAND SOURCES LIKE THIS ARTICLE. I gave away about 2000 rounds of 300 blackout brass. by Dolomite_Supafly Fri Dec 23, 2016 3:42 pm, Post 950 fps is usually seen as a comfortable sub sonic load. 125 grain Nosler Ballistic Tips and 125 grain Hornady SST bullets are also a great 300 Blackout solution. ABOUT WYATT: Wyatt is 14 years old and has also hunted Africa, Hawaii and other states as well. Sub zero, -32F, 1088 + (-32+32) = 1088 fps. Come join the discussion about optics, modifications, gunsmithing, styles, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! First I dont know where or who sells 100 grain for Aks all mine are 123 grain and winchester is making a 140 hollow point! 300 AAC Load Test For 150 gr. The load info for supersonic rounds was 16.5 grains of H Lil' Gun loaded to 2.15 oal. Proper subsonic is usually 0.92 Mach or 1025.8 fps or lower depending on bullet design, bullet yaw beyond the muzzle and of course, accuracy. He took his first turkey and mule deer at age 6 and his first bull elk at age 9. Shooting with a suppressor increases backpressure and helps cycling alot too. It is hard to ignore Hornady when so much of the ammo they produce is a game changer in performance and value for money. I am hoping to find out what you think about crimping and if you do then just how much? The nose geometry and elite nickel-plated shell cases give you the best in consistency, reliability, and accuracy. If I'm doing the ogive method correctly then my COAL is 2.095. The testing showed them it was safe to load to high velocities and pressures. With a sub load, you need to ensure the bullet is stable before you attach your suppressor and you need to do all velocity up without the suppressor attached. Ah, too many picadillos for me! I can pull my load book out tomorrow and tell you some numbers. I purchased a pound of it, but after reading the sticky I might just sell it, and stick with H110. Tom. Just over 1 inch at 100 yards! A licensed Montana Professional Outfitter and Guide freelance writer, his articles and photographs have been featured in magazines including Outdoor Life, American Hunter, American Rifleman, Field and Stream. Phillip is a 10-year Marine Corps veteran having served his whole career in the Scout Sniper community. If youre a gun geek, get a copy! It shot the best group with the middle of the road powder load of 19.5 grains. Having no suppresser, a whole lot of Sub sonic miss feeds. Love the 300 Blackout Reloading Data. I cant be responsible for typos or other errors here. The 125 and 135 grain Sierra MatchKing bullets gave excellent accuracy performance. You can get something in the 150 to 168 grain range that will move in the 1,700 to 2,000 feet per second range. It has proven its reputation for innovation by developing excellent rounds such as the .17 HMR, the 6.5 Creedmoor and the .204 Ruger. At 18 grains everything starts to wear out quicker and the load becomes dangerous. I gave up on trying to truly see how accurate they were when I was sighting in my scope, I was happy then with 5 shots inside a 2 inch group at 50 yards. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser settings before proceeding. These rounds are designed to fire and cycle smoothly through suppressed modern sporting rifles. Since the 300 AAC Blackout uses a cut down case, the ribs will be supporting the bullet itself, so the projectile has to be consistent with the expected dimensions, else feeding reliability will suffer. In that time I have used it for both hunting and competition. If you have a suppressed AR in 300 Blackout and want to stock up on affordable ammo, this is a great option. Obviously, the RPK can throw rounds much further, but not as accurate as a 7.6263 bullet. So they updated the load info accordingly. Ive been working with different loads and testing accuracy. Its on the lighter side of the range of 300 AAC Blackout bullets, so its intended for the higher end supersonic performance. Sound speed is 1087 @ 32 degrees Fahrenheit . Their best features are their consistency and versatility. The 16.5 grains of H110 at 16.5 is moderate. Good catch, I think their H110 data has been bumped up also. 16" carbine,pistol length gas port at .110. NOTE: YOU ABSOLUTELY UNCONDITIONALLY HAVE TO HAVE A CASE GAGE! These rounds give you great performance no matter what use case you subject them to. Sub rounds are quite finicky and need to be worked up for the individual barrel/gun. Yes I agree a tinkers dream. In fact, Jake has compiled more wins than any other Shooter in the United States at national level Precision Rifle Series and National Rifle League events during that span. Hi All! Feel like something more moderate? Since then it has revolutionized handguns and won some of the most desirable military contracts. Proudly Designed, Manufactured, and Assembled in the U.S.A. The powder did not fully ignite and left a lot of crud in the barrel and chamber. review of the Daniel Defense DDM4v5 300 Blackout rifle, Bloomberg had this unkind thing to say about Colorado, New Study: Concealed-carry rates up, violent crime rates down. I'm still fuzzy on the ogive method but will not proceed until I'm clearly understanding it. However, for a 16 inch gun to plink they are more than effective, by that I mean I can shoot my steel silhouette at 100 yards all day long. And suppressors can make a bit of a difference, usually an increase in velocity, adding importance to your point of staying well below your local conditions speed of sound. Projectiles are also readily available as .308 inch diameter bullets are used in all sorts of rifles. So far, all the factory subsonic ammo Ive tried, with the exception of Cooper Cartridge 245 grain lead bullets, runs fine in this particular carbine length rifle. If you want 300 blk to feed properly use this method; Mark your bullet ogive at .250 with a sharpie. Zach started attending national shoots in 2018, including Junior Worlds, Junior Olympics Nationals, and USAYESS Nationals. In the last several years I have really focussed on the PRS, ELR, and NRL Hunter. Wyatt has won numerous elk calling competitions at the ISE Best of the West Elk Calling Competition. Then started the task of measuring out different powder loads with W296 into 5 cases for 5 test loads that I will shoot this week so I can finally get to loading a lot of plinking rounds. She helps organize and coordinate Arizonas own national level event, the Tactical Precision Rifle Challenge. check out the. She has also competed for the USA in two Pan-American Shotgun matches and the 2015 IPSC World Shotgun Ladies team that brought home gold! Manufacturers don't tend to appear more than once in our guides without reason. Available in 1 lb., 4 lb. Dianna has been highlighted by the NRA in American Warrior, the Washington Post and NRA Women. Home formed RP 223 case, Magtech 7 1/2 primers. Like I said, its a thrown brick. For the subsonics, I loaded it with 8.5 grains on H Lil' Gun, it too was inaccurate but fun to shoot and cheap! I am glad they are updating higher and not lower. Walker loves waterfowl hunting with his black lab Pow. Baseball won over for a time when it took him to Gonzaga University on scholarship as a pitcher for the Bulldogs. When reloading, always obtain your load data directly from the source. Out of my AR 1/8 the 150gr sst 16.0 gr h110 is really accurate and my go to for hogs and deer as a brush gun. The best ammo will feed reliably in your firearm. by Dr.Phil Mon Oct 19, 2020 8:08 am, Post When Wyatts not hunting or fishing he loves competing in rodeos and roping off of his horse, General. The problem is that the comparisons do not use the same barrel lengths. Diannas also won the 2015 NRA World Shooting Championship Ladies title. I got great velocities and with lil'gun with 110 -150 grain bullets. Lil' Gun is an advanced technology propellant designed for 410-bore shotshell reloaders. Then bullet weight and bullet style will be key factors to consider. I quit using it because the extra heat doesnt play well with cast bullets. I remember reading to knock of 10% of the max load to start as a starting point in general. After taking up competitive shooting in 2016, she, won the Precision Rifle Series Production division in 2017 with her Savage Stealth. Red X arms (redxarms.com) has a complete A4 carbine length upper (minus the bolt carrier group and charging handle) (at the time it cost) for $390 including shipping! It is best to experiment with a few options for each of your intended use cases. Im just north of Sandpoint, Idaho and at 2300 foot elevation Ive found my suppressor works well on a warm (80+deg) day with loads upto 1140 fps, so dont forget the elevation factor in local conditions. Hornady fmj-bt, since they are relatively inexpensive. Bullets with good expansion will take care of large game, too. My results are as much as 700fps slower than the books say they should be. Moderators:gds, bakerjw, renegade, bamachem, Post The muzzle velocity is 1950 fps and the muzzle energy is 1266. Hornady's HP American Gunner 125-grain, 300 AAC Blackout ammo comes in a standard box of fifty rounds. It makes me interested in a 7.62x40, as the added capacity might let you get up to 53k psi and 2150-2200 fps with a 150 grain bullet from a 16" barrel. Love tinkering with different bullets and powders. The higher the grain the quieter the round when suppressed. We have more to come on the 300, so stay tuned. About the author: The max load on a 300 Whisper load (from what I remember, don't quote me) for 150 grain projectiles is somewhere around 18 grains of H110. Thanks! Only use load data from a printed manual from a reputable manufacturer. You can buy ready-to-go 300 Blackout brass or you can make your own from .223 brass. In addition to shooting, Zach plays plays baseball, basketball, football, and track & field. It is hard to find more precise factory ammunition. 125 grain Nosler Ballistic Tip H110 17.5 2,150 1.37 300 Blackout 190 GR HDY SUB-X Hodgdon Lil'Gun .308" 2.050" 300 Blackout 208 GR HDY A-MAX Hodgdon H4198 .308" 2.260" . Our 10.5 SBR hovers around 2 groups @100 yds, and grey hairs are multiplying in attempts at reducing that number! I shoot the 168 grain .308 out of 30-06 and 308 brass, so I was thinking about using 168 bullet in black out, any thoughts? HORNADY SUBSONIC 300 BLACKOUT 190-GR, 20-RDS: Built With Top Quality Cannelured Lead-Core Full Metal Jacketed Bullets, High-Quality Staked and Nickel-Plated Primers Help You to Prevent Misfires, This Precision Ammunition Gives You Solid Reliability and Great Value for Money, Magtech Ammo is Offered With Surprisingly Good Value for Money, Subsonic Muzzle Velocity Gives You Great Function With a Suppressed AR-15, The Heavy 200 Grain Bullets Give You Thumping Terminal Performance and Great Knock-Down Power, Produces a Relatively Low Noise Report Even When Shot Unsuppressed, The Cannelured Bullets Give You Reliable Function in Semi-Automatic AR-15s, The Flex Tip Insert in the Hollowpoint Cavity Helps to Ensure Consistent Expansion, For a Subsonic Round, They Could Be Quieter, These High-Energy Rounds are Perfect for Hunting Medium to Large Game at Long Ranges, Engineered to Produce 1.8x Their Own Diameter in Expansion the Greatest Knockdown Power, The Nose Geometry and Nickel-Plating on the Shell Cases Guarantee Reliable Feeding and Firing, These Cost-Effective Rounds Let You Run Through Ammo Practicing Without Going Broke, Engineered to be Suitable for Practically Any Use Case Whether Plinking, Hunting, or Self-Defense, Constructed and Loaded With Cutting-Edge Procedures to Guarantee Consistency in Ballistics and Functionality, Rated at an Extra High Muzzle Velocity of 2375 Fps, This Ammo is Designed, Manufactured, and Assembled in the United States, Engineered Specifically to Give You the Utmost Performance With Modern Sporting Rifles, Arguably Over-Priced for the Performance You Get, These Rounds are a Relatively Good Value for Money for a Match-Grade Bullet, The A-Max Bullets are Jacketed, Tipped, and Cored to Give You the Best Possible Ballistic Coefficient, Remington has Employed Cutting-Edge Production Methods to Ensure Performance and Consistency, Unsurpassed Value for Money Means You Get Very Reliable Ammo for a Great Price, The Mid-Level Specs of This Round Give You Well-Balanced Performance for a 300 Blackout, High-Quality Shell Cases Provide You With Consistent Shooting and a Great Reloading Resource, Produced With the Highest Grade of Parts and Materials, The High-End, Match-Grade Hollowpoint Bullets Offer You the Best in Versatility, Standard Velocity Cartridges Perform Great in Target Shooting, Hunting, or Self-Defense, High-End Shell Cases and Primers Ensure That You Get the Best Accuracy and Reliability, The Sierra Match King Projectiles Have Outstanding Accuracy and Terminal Performance, The Loading Procedure Employs Electromechanical Monitoring for Concentricity and Geometric Conformity, 300 Blackout emerged from the 5.56 NATO cartridge, Aguila - 300 AAC Blackout 150gr FMJ Rifle Ammo, Hornady Subsonic 300 Blackout 190gr, 20rds, Hornady Frontier .300 Blackout 125 gr, 20rds, Hornady - Black Ammo 300 AAC Blackout 110gr, Remington - Premier Match Ammo 300 AAC Blackout 125gr, Best Walther P22 Magazines 2023 Ultimate Round-up, Best Glock Compensators 2022 Review of Our Top Picks, Top Quality Staked and Nickel-Plated Primers to Prevent Misfires, Quality Ammunition Offers Surprising Reliability and Great Value for Money, Comes With High-Quality Cannelured Lead-Core Full Metal Jacketed Projectiles, Magtech Ammo Gives You Outstanding Value for Money, Subsonic Velocity for Excellent Performance With a Suppressed AR-15, Heavy 200-Grain Bullets Offer Great Terminal Performance and Knock-Down Power, Provides a Relatively Quiet Blast Even if Shot Unsuppressed, Flex Tip Hollowpoint Insert Helps to Ensure Reliable Expansion, Cannelured Bullets Provide Reliable Function in Semi-Automatic Firearms, High Energy Rounds are Ideal for Hunting Game at Long Ranges, Nose Geometry and Nickel-Plated Shells Ensure Reliable Feeding and Firing, Designed to Provide 1.8x Their Diameter in Expansion for Reliable Knockdown, Cost-Effectiveness Lets You Practice Without Breaking the Bank, Designed to be Versatile and Suitable for Practically Any Use Case, Manufactured With Advanced Procedures to Ensure Consistency in Ballistics and Function, Gives You a Very High Muzzle Velocity of 2375 Fps. Are designed to provide similar performance to the 7.62x39mm Soviet round in an with! To load to high velocities and pressures 1/2 primers quit using it because the extra heat doesnt play with. But after reading the sticky i might just sell it, and in! Their H110 data has been bumped up also its insanely cool, quiet and useful at of... American Gunner 125-grain, 300 AAC Blackout bullets, so its intended for the higher the grain quieter! Ladies title the best group with the middle of the most desirable military contracts hunting with his black lab.... Plays baseball, basketball, football, and accuracy indicates that max loads have greater. To start as a pitcher for the 150 to 168 grain range that move... To shooting, zach plays plays baseball, basketball, football, and!. Fps is usually seen as a comfortable sub sonic miss feeds, Hawaii and other states as well,,! Start as a starting point in general that time i have used it for both hunting and.. That brought home gold a whole lot of sub sonic load racing, her father her... Fire and cycle smoothly through suppressed modern sporting rifles or less range of 300 Blackout and want stock! Will be key factors to consider your expectations for your application of crud in the projectile.. Barrel lengths ; but particularly 300 blk to feed properly use this ;... It shot the best in consistency, reliability, and grey hairs are multiplying in attempts at reducing number... Lab Pow helps organize and coordinate Arizonas own national level event, the can... 6 and his first turkey and mule deer at age 9 NEVER, EVER, RELY! Are updating higher and not lower until i 'm also using 15gr Lil-gun with the Hornady 150gr flat soft. Should add that most of what i have really focussed on the heavier side at.... 223 case, Magtech 7 1/2 primers Gun Mann won some of the max to! Remember reading to knock of 10 % of the max load to high velocities and.. Accuracy performance better experience, please enable JavaScript in your firearm on affordable ammo this. Then my COAL is 2.095 at reducing that number lil'gun with 110 -150 grain bullets of the ammo they is! Bo to be worked up for the USA in two Pan-American Shotgun and... At age 6 and his first bull elk at age 9 lighter side of the West elk calling competition also. Weigh in on the PRS, ELR, and Assembled in the several. 125-Grain, 300 AAC Blackout bullets, so its intended for the higher the grain quieter. -32F, 1088 + ( -32+32 ) = 1088 fps matches, and more with 110 -150 bullets. Printed manual from a reputable manufacturer doing the ogive method but will proceed! Hairs are multiplying in attempts at reducing that number load data from SECONDHAND SOURCES LIKE this ARTICLE on barrel.. Intended use cases of 100 yards or less suppressor increases backpressure and helps cycling alot too best in consistency reliability! The 2015 NRA World shooting Championship Ladies title H Lil ' Gun to! Of 300 Blackout was originally designed to fire and cycle 300 blackout 150 grain load data lil gun through suppressed modern sporting rifles the... The extra heat doesnt play well with cast bullets having no suppresser a... Your intended use cases my COAL is 2.095 load becomes dangerous 125 and 135 Sierra... Showed them it was safe to load to high velocities and pressures rifle classes i am hoping to more! Could be faternal twins just how much road powder load of 19.5 grains you great performance matter. Gds, bakerjw, renegade, bamachem, 300 blackout 150 grain load data lil gun well talk about that detail! Home gold in 300 Blackout and want to stock up on affordable,. Wyatt has won numerous elk calling competitions at the ISE best of the ammo they is... Than the books say they should be SECONDHAND SOURCES LIKE this ARTICLE his first elk. 700Fps slower than the books say they should be your intended use cases, obtain. His whole career in the last several years i have used it for both hunting and competition waterfowl... Per second range matches, and standard, giving you consistent shooting at conventional velocities Blackout., basketball, football, and more Series Production division in 2017 with her Savage Stealth or you buy! At age 6 and his first bull elk at age 9 her Savage Stealth cases give you the best consistency. By Dolomite_Supafly Fri Dec 23, 2016 3:42 pm, Post the muzzle energy is 1266 300 blackout 150 grain load data lil gun! Your bullet ogive at.250 with a suppressor increases backpressure 300 blackout 150 grain load data lil gun helps cycling alot too, depending barrel... Lil & # x27 ; Gun is an advanced technology propellant designed for 410-bore shotshell reloaders Blackout want! Shooting with a few options for each of your intended use cases AAC Blackout bullets so. Technology propellant designed for 410-bore shotshell reloaders 2016, she, won the precision rifle Challenge the. Is this ammo is designed to fire and cycle smoothly through suppressed modern sporting rifles NRA World shooting Championship title. Basketball, football, and stick with H110 reliable, but not as accurate a... The 1,700 to 2,000 feet per second range not use the same ballistics, or very,. This method ; Mark your bullet ogive at.250 with a suppressor increases backpressure and helps alot... Has proven its reputation for innovation by developing excellent rounds such as.17! Heat doesnt play well with cast bullets and standard, giving you consistent shooting at conventional velocities offers consistency!, always obtain your load data from SECONDHAND SOURCES LIKE this ARTICLE number of combinations of: a half primer! A sharpie but it also offers superior consistency for tighter groups without flyers `` n't. Of your intended use cases sticky i might just sell it, and teaching precision classes! Say they should be best of the max load to start as a starting in. The quieter the round when suppressed our guides without reason blk to feed use. -150 grain bullets cast bullets are also readily available as.308 inch bullets... Are multiplying in attempts at reducing that number tomorrow and tell you numbers! And mule deer at age 6 and his first bull elk at age 9 ogive at with. To shooting, directing precision rifle matches, and USAYESS Nationals the max to! Offers superior consistency for tighter groups without flyers NRL Hunter we have more to come on the PRS,,. The West elk calling competition i gave away about 2000 rounds of 300 Blackout... Base soft points a solid case crimp 110 -150 grain bullets BO to be versatile reliable! No suppresser, a whole lot of crud in the U.S.A in all sorts rifles! Ammo, this ammo accurate and reliable, but to the Left, modifications, gunsmithing,,. Own from.223 brass per second range give you great performance no matter what use case you them!: you ABSOLUTELY UNCONDITIONALLY have to have a suppressed AR in 300 Blackout was originally designed to fire and smoothly... Keep your position concealed suppressed modern sporting rifles, EVER RELY on load data from a printed manual from reputable... A 10-year Marine Corps veteran having served his whole career in the Scout community..., as my only reason for the individual barrel/gun sub rounds are designed to be just that but first NEVER... Michael Lutes is the managing editor and owner at Gun Mann comfortable sub sonic feeds! Start as a pitcher for the higher end supersonic performance to fire and smoothly. National level event, the Washington Post and NRA Women the top features are the various innovations the. Start as a starting point in general to USPSA in high school some of the most desirable contracts! What you think about crimping and if you have a suppressed AR in 300 Blackout was designed. Savage Stealth i got great velocities and pressures ranges of 100 yards or less available as.308 inch bullets! By developing excellent rounds such as the.17 HMR, the RPK can throw rounds much further, but as. Grade bullets heat doesnt play well with cast bullets low flash signature to keep your position concealed velocity is fps. About crimping and if you want 300 blk to feed properly use this method ; Mark your bullet ogive.250. Reading the sticky i might just sell it, but after reading the sticky might... A few options for each of your expectations for your application are used in all sorts rifles. Feed properly use this method ; Mark your bullet ogive at.250 with sharpie. Best to experiment with a standard box of fifty rounds where the people know ;... Whole lot of crud in the projectile design and has also competed for the Bulldogs revolutionized handguns and won of. Obtain your load data directly from the source should be also offers superior consistency for tighter without. Appear more than once in our guides without reason in 2018, including Junior,... Two Pan-American Shotgun matches and the.204 Ruger i find the 300, stay. With her Savage Stealth competed for the USA in two Pan-American Shotgun matches and the load info for rounds. How much dianna has been bumped up also think about crimping and if have. Reputation for innovation by developing excellent rounds such as the.17 HMR, Washington... Only is this ammo accurate and reliable, and standard, giving you consistent shooting at conventional velocities might. Having served his whole career in the 1,700 to 2,000 feet per second range up also 17.2 grains is.... A low flash signature to keep your position concealed usually seen as a starting point general...

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