I will go as far as anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United States. Henry Cabot Lodge, (born May 12, 1850, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.died November 9, 1924, Cambridge, Massachusetts), Republican U.S. senator for more than 31 years (1893-1924); he led the successful congressional opposition to his country's participation in the League of Nations following World War I. The Last Time America Turned Away From the World, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/opinion/league-of-nations-lodge-wilson.html. Wilson suffered a collapse from physical and nervous exhaustion and a few days later suffered a stroke. Download World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. You may call me selfish if you will, conservative or reactionary, or use any other harsh adjective you see fit to apply, but an American I was born, an American I have remained all my life. The establishment of the League of Nations. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. Look at the United States today. Let us not overlook the profound gravity of this step. Google Scholar. (Contextualization, Close Reading) What race issues was Senator Johnson likely referring to in California and in the South. World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson. Lodge deeply disliked Wilson personally, and he was partisan enough to attack a policy simply because it came from the other party. That which we refuse to do in war we are to do in peace, deliberately, coolly, and with no war exigency. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. --Note to 2d edition. First published, in 1898, in 2 vols. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of of Commoner Work; The Constitution; Of Amendments; Classics that Inspired Constitution; Executive Branch Overreach Wilson submitted the treaty, without Lodge's reservations, to the Senate a second time in 1920 but failed to obtain the two-thirds vote needed for approval. Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been compelled to carry this rider on its back? . His most important reservation targeted Article X of the League Covenant, the collective security clause that obligated members to respond when the bodys council called for action against an aggressor diplomatic censure, boycotts, economic sanctions and, possibly, military force. ", In 1919, Lodge was at the height of a long and distinguished career. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? American - Politician May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924. Eisenhower appointed Lodge ambassador to the United Nations, where he served for nearly eight years. Washington declared against permanent alliances. I press this point because there is nothing so vital to the peace of the world as the sanctity of treaties. We abandon entirely by the proposed constitution the policy laid down by Washington in his Farewell Address and the Monroe doctrine. 'Post equitem sedet atra cura,' Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. The subjects included immigration, tariffs, the Monroe Doctrine, British Empire votes in the league and Japans seizure of the Chinese province of Shantung (now Shandong). Bidens Security Disaster, As riches increase and accumulate in few hands, as luxury prevails in society, virtue will be in a greater degree considered as only a graceful appendage of wealth, and the tendency of things will be to depart from the republican standard. Long after Congress agreed to a joint resolution declaring the end of the First . page 202 note 1. beauty pie dupes He died. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. What was the League of Nations? The treaty was defeated in the Senate, and the onus of rejection fell on the Wilsonians. We are sustained solely by you. Less than a week later, Lodge offered a resolution signed by thirty-nine Republican senators, more than the one-third of the Senate necessary to defeat the treaty, declaring that the Leagueunacceptable "in the form 'now proposed"should be considered separately from the peace settlement and only after the conclusion of the treaty. Sixty-three of them just one short of the two-thirds needed for consent voted yea. Whether any others might have been persuaded to join them by a still-healthy Wilson remains an intriguing question. He was so great a man that the fact that this country had produced him was enough of itself to justify the Revolution and our existence as a Nation. In his first term, before Pearl Harbor, the younger Lodge opposed the pro-Allies policies of another president named Roosevelt, a Democrat who was married to Theodore Roosevelts niece, but in his second term he became a model bipartisan senator who vigorously supported the United Nations, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and NATO. But more important, he rejected the presidents aspirations because he believed Wilson went too far with his sweeping internationalist vision, which included equal treatment of all nations, arms limitation, freer trade, wider national autonomy and steps away from colonialism. It is almost needless to say that the question now before us is so momentous that it transcends all party linesNo question has ever confronted the United States Senate which equals in importance that which is involved in the league of nations intended to secure the future peace of the world. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. Twelve years after the senior Lodges death, his namesake grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., whom he had helped to raise from childhood, likewise filled a Senate seat from Massachusetts. The attitude recommended by Washington was scrupulously maintained even under the pressue of the great conflict. John Milton Cooper is a professor emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. That was a battle of the grandsons for the same Senate seat; in 1916, the elder Lodge had defeated the grandfather for whom Kennedy was named. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles. Do not think that I overstate this in the fondness of patriotism and with the partiality of one of his countrymen. My one desire is that not only the Senate, which is charged with responsibility, but that the press and the people of the country should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness and weigh them all carefully before they make up their minds. One of the chief opponents of the Versailles Treaty was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R. The Patriot Post does not support Internet Explorer. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. We have made mistakes in the past. Look at the United States today. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard University. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He warned that, to insure that guarantee, the United States "must be in possession of fleets and armies capable of enforcing them at a moment's notice." What is said in the Senate ought to be placed before the peace conference and published in Paris, so that the foreign Governments may be informed as to the various views expressed here. With the entrance of the United States into World War I (1917), he called for united support of the war effort. We shall make mistakes in the future and fall short of our own best hopes. Read online World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. The United States is the worlds best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Wilsons health broke down two-thirds of the way through the tour, and he was rushed back to the White House, where he suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed on his left side. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. He did not initiate but did briefly condone compromise bipartisan talks that might soften the reservations, but he aborted that effort when the irreconcilables threatened a party revolt. Despite Lodges triumph in thwarting Wilson, his last years were not happy ones. He did not close the door on temporary alliances. If this is not done the instrument will become a source of controversy instead of agreement, of dissension instead of harmony. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. Privacy Policy | President Wilson first countered by meeting with individual senators, and then by subjecting himself to a grilling by the Foreign Relations Committee, which he invited to the White House. Courtesy of Library of Congress When we went to war with Germany we made no treaties with the nations engaged in the war against the German Government. Lodge, H. C. (1909) Speeches and Addresses, -1909. Here is a speech he gave in the Senate on August 12, 1919 in which he summarized his opposition: Mr. President: But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? Updates? Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. Yep, throughout the history of the Em, And to think of all that time and energy wasted by, "..even the alleged 'islamophobia' in Aladdin." Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike is to me repulsive. But is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom?. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. The unknown story behind Henry Cabot Lodges campaign against the League of Nations. He had served a quarter century in the Senate when he became the Republican floor leader and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee after the Democrats lost control of the body in 1918. Taken together, the labors of this Roosevelt-Lodge partnership forged the reputation of their Republican Party as the exponent of a more vigorous, forceful and outward-looking foreign policy, in contrast to the Democrats narrower horizons and embrace of traditional isolation horizons that Wilson would do much to expand. Harding refused to revisit league membership; on Lodges advice, he advocated wiping the slate clean and pursuing a purely Republican foreign policy. He remained at Harvard for the next three years as instructor in American history and retained an active interest in this field throughout his life, editing scholarly journals and writing or editing works on major figures and events in the nations history. Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been compelled to carry this rider on its back? Lodge, Henry Cabot. Even at its most internationalist, Republican foreign policy in the 1920s offered weak a substitute for the American leadership on peace and collective security that Wilson had fought for. 4, 1905, TR is inaugurated in Washington, D.C. with much celebration and fanfare. Coolidge was the second vice president to ascend to the presidency and then win a full term. When Wilson presented the draft covenant of the league to Congress in 1919, Lodge signaled his early opposition with an unbinding round robin letter signed by 38 Republican senators and senators-elect more than the number needed to block consent that rejected the document in its present form. Then he went to work trying to sway public opinion. Post equitem sedet atra cura, Horace tells us, but no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace. We would not have our politics distracted and embittered by the dissensions of other lands. Woodrow Wilson, Lodge felt that the nations sovereignty was at stake and that it would be fatal to bind the nation to international commitments that the United States would not or could not keep. World War I memory quiz anti-war figures, World War I memory quiz military commanders, World War I memory quiz political leaders. We have had shortcomings. he asked. We have had shortcomings. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B). Patrick Henry and Laurens were also addressed in anonymous letters; they forwarded the missives to Washington himself by way of reply. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike provided they can make money out of them, is to me repulsive. In all the vital questions with which he dealt it was not merely that he thought of his country first and never thought of himself at all. It is worse than idle, it is not honest, to evade or deny this fact, and every fairminded supporter of this draft plan for a league admits it. Soon after the war had broken out, Lodge had joined Roosevelt in favoring the Allies so fervently that they and other like-minded members of the northeastern Republican elite could barely disguise their yearning for intervention. Since several of them, such as William E. Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, were notorious for their insurgency, this was no idle threat. All Rights Reserved. Republican Congressman from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge led a battle against the treaty. If it should be effectively and beneficently changed the people who would lie awake in sorrow for a single night could be easily gathered in one not very large room but those who would draw a long breath of relief would reach to millions. Document: The Senate and the League of Nations . Lodge offered to support it only if substantial revisions were made in its key provisions, especially Article X, which in his view transferred from the Senate to the League of Nations the authority to wage war. Lodge later viewed the peace settlement as too soft on Germany, and he had disliked the way the president had resisted the harsher terms that the British and French wanted to impose. But an American I was born, an American I have remained all my life. To ascend to the mongrel banner invented for a league ; they the! Her own free will reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the treaty Senator... Years were not happy ones anti-war figures, World War I memory anti-war! 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