Professional Monograph. ), perennial. These are carried on long spires, sometimes branched. Laboratory-based research suggests that mullein is a beneficial herb for fighting UTIs. Mullein grows well alongside many kinds of plants. (207) 873-7333; www.fedcoseeds.com/ Every year Fedco offers a wildflower blend of perennial and self-sowing annual plants that are native or naturalized to the Northeast. A clinical trial looked at the effectiveness of a natural earache remedy in children. In North America, this plant is exceedingly abundant and is seen as a widely naturalized weed in the eastern United States. The tall pole-like stem ends at a dense spike of yellow flowers. Mullein leaves gathered from first- or second-year plants before the flower stalks appear can be used fresh in tea throughout the summer or tinctured when fresh. However, it continues to be used as an herbal remedy for many health concerns. Drink three times a day. This tall plant (it grows up to 6 feet) is in the snapdragon family. Other supplements that may be used in similar ways as mullein include: Be sure to talk with your healthcare provider before starting new supplements or taking multiple supplements. If starting in the spring, a 3 or 4 week period of stratification is recommended. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The tall, pole-like stems end in a denseflower stalkof bright yellow flowers. The leaves are fern-like and contain insecticidal compounds. Description: These fairly compact plants for pollinators range from 1 to 3 feet high, with dark green fuzzy foliage. These plants are in the legume family, so they can fix nitrogen. Start seeds indoors in early spring or outdoors in late spring. The roots have been used medicinally in a tea, and some scientific studies confirm that it has bactericidal properties. Her work is regularly featured in media such as First For Women, Woman's World, and Natural Health. Toxicity. Additionally, mullein is thought to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. We have addressed this with selective weeding: allowing the seedlings to grow only in certain areas. Br J Community Nurs. You can talk with your healthcare provider to determine the right mullein dose. Talk to your doctor before considering this herb if any of these conditions apply to you. Find out the best companion plants for tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, beans, and all common vegetable and fruits in the garden. In the nineteenth century, this herb was commonly given as treatment to tuberculosis patients throughout the US and Europe. Cornflower or Bachelors Button (Centaurea cyanus), annual. Fedco Seeds, PO Box 520, Waterville, ME 04903-0520. Mullein plants of the common variety can grow as tall at 10 feet (3 m.) when flowering. A short time later she brought over a small velvety rosette of a plant, a first-year mullein. Common Mullein Known as Verbascum thapsus, this variety is a biennial plant that grows in fields and ditches. Certain plants, when grown in combination, enhance each others growth, repel insects, and increase fruit production. According to one reference (. 2021;26(2):57-64. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111336. Although each bloom lasts but a single day, superior cultivars carry numerous buds on each scape so bloom time is long, especially if you deadhead daily. However, these claims are not well supported by scientific evidence. It is known for having astringent, sedative, and relaxing properties. Wild Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus), biennial. The addition of sulfuric acid will produce a color-fast green. Mullein has been used as an herbal remedy since ancient times. The wild variety has purple spots on its stem, and opposite leaves. Plant them in a dry, warm spot near walls or large trees to protect them from wind. A location in full sun is preferable, but mullein will grow in light shade. Each fruit has dozens of very small brown seeds. Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. This tincture soothes a deep, dry, painful and irritating cough. Mullein is a fast-spreading plant that grows throughout the world. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Most of the scientific evidence behind this herb is the result of test-tube research or animal studies, since there are only a handful of human clinical trials. In fact, there are some 50,000 named hybrid cultivars in a range of flower sizes (the minis are very popular), forms, and plant heights. Its small, yellow flowers are densely grouped on a tall stem, which grows from a large rosette of leaves. According to one review of various herbs, mullein has no reported side effects. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent a disease. This branching weed often has mealy, red-streaked stems. But the challenge is finding a source that produces a pure, effective product. Goldenrods have some slight effect, and sunflowers are thought to be allelopathic although that might be due to their seed hulls lying on the ground. The objective of this study was to assess the biological activity of Common Mullein extracts an Despite the many health benefits outlined above, there are a number of potential side effects when using mullein, particularly, in excess. Mustards (Brassica sp. Wild plants with smaller roots (annuals and biennials) do not compete as much as perennials with larger root mats. Gardner, Z. All of them have square stems, and paired flowers that grow from leaf axils. If you're considering mullein, talk to your healthcare provider to weigh the potential risks and benefits. "I want one.". This first-of-its-kind herbal guide takes you through the origins of herbal practices rooted in African American traditionfrom Ancient Egypt and the African tropics to the Caribbean and the United States . It stands about 3 to 5 feet tall and blooms from June to August. Antioxidants protect cells from free radicals, unstable molecules that damage your cells. Each seed has six sides, pitted, and rough, and wavy ridges and deep grooves. Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), biennial. It does not tolerate wet or poorly drained growing conditions. Common mullein is a biennial weed which reproduces by seed only. Adding ornamentals isn't just for aesthetics purposes. The Botanical Institute is supported by our readers. Later the horseshoe shaped leaves emerge. Start plants from seed planted indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost in spring or sow seeds directly in the garden in late spring. While this plant has been used for thousands of years, there is still a dearth of modern research on the many effects, but the anecdotal evidence is overwhelming. Like dandelions, they produce many wind-blown seeds. Common mullein ( Verbascum thapsus) is a favorite summer plant to forage! They are edible, have been used in medicines, and supposedly contain a number of chemicals, including estrogens. This favorite medicinal plant has pink Black-eyed Susan-like flowers. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications. 2017;6(10):92. doi:10.3390/foods6100092. The second and subsequent flushes of bloom are often not as bold as the initial one, but ample flowers will continue to unfurl as along as the growing conditions are conducive. For extra root protection, mulch before the projected frost date with twigs, leaves, and bark. Keep the soil moist when growing mullein from seed. An obvious problem is seed production. To deadhead mullein, cut the flower stalk off the plant just below the lowest blossom. Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is easy to identify making it a safe gateway herb to wildcrafting and medicinal plants. Many studies evaluating mullein have been performed in vitro (i.e., in a test tube) rather than in humans. For example, pole beans that can grow up around a stalk of corn. Youve likely seen mullein plants growing in fields and along roadsides. Read our, How to Grow and Care For Butterfly Pea Plant, How to Grow and Care for Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis), How to Grow and Care for Jacob's Ladder (Greek Valerian), How to Grow and Care for Virginia Bluebells, 31 Best-Deer Resistant Flowers and Plants to Grow, How to Grow and Care for Lisianthus (Prairie Gentian), How to Grow and Care for Golden Alexander, How to Identify and Remove Poison Hemlock, How to Grow and Care for Mexican Bush Sage, How to Grow and Care for Crown Imperial Plants, How to Grow and Care for Bells of Ireland, Mullein, common mullein, wooly mullein (plant); Jacobs staff, Jupiters staff and Aarons rod (flower stalks); bunnys ears, flannel leaf, velvet leaf, Herbaceous biennial / biennial forb (a herbaceous flowering plant thats not a grass) or short-lived perennial, Two to seven feet tall; up to two and a half feet wide. Black-eyed Susan and ox-eye daisies bloom between the rows of garlic. If its diluted, though, it doesnt typically cause any side effects, Dr. Khan states. Foods. Allelopathy is the suppression of the growth of one plant by another. Remove the flower stalk before seeds have dispersed to avoid abundant spread. Because we are unaware of interactions, it's important to be cautious when using mullein. The list of mullein's purported uses is long. For a "weed" it has amazing medicinal benefits and practical uses that have been utilized for centuries. The leaves can also be brewed into a tea for drinking, or mixed with tobacco and smoked. Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), also known as great mullein or common mullein is a native biennial plant of Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. Water plants regularly for the first growing season after transplanting. The common milkweed is a stout, downy plant with droopy pink flower clusters. It's also important to keep in mind that some supplements may not be safe for children, people who are pregnant or nursing, or people with certain medical conditions. Mullein has also been used for urinary tract infections (UTIs), earaches, as well as asthma. Zinc. If deadheaded after its first flush of blooms fade, yarrow will rebloom. Either buy seeds or collect seeds from plants as soon as the fruits are borne from flowers. What's more, many people grow mullein in their garden and dry the leaves on their own. It prefers a rich soil that will retain moisture. There are many different species of mullein, but the most commonly used one is Verbascum thapsus, or the mullein leaf. Called companion planting, the idea has always intrigued me. The leaves are diamond-shaped and broadly-toothed, often white beneath. (207) 873-7333; Johnnys Selected Seeds, Foss Hill Rd, 955 Benton Avenue Winslow, ME 04901; 1-877-564-6697; 2023 The Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association. Once youve planted mullein in gardens, expect to spend time removing fuzzy rosettes if you dont want it to spread. There is not enough scientific data to determine a recommended dose of mullein for most people. It blooms from June through October. Natural options like introducing predatory insects, planting companion plants, or using natural repellents are great ways to minimize the damage from these bugs. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider about any supplements you plan to take and to check in about any potential interactions with other supplements or medications. Grows up to 24-36 in. Types of Companion Plants: They bloom in June and July. Cleveland Clinic 1995-2023. Fedco Seeds, PO Box 520, Waterville, ME 04903-0520. It is a biennial, spending its first year as a rosette of furry leaves, and producing its flowers in its second year, between June and August. A Dermatologists Advice on How to Get Rid of a Pimple Stat! It produces yellow flowers that grow at the tips of the 6-foot-tall stems. ), annual. The pods and other parts are edible, and American Indians used the plant for medicines. Eager to . Mullein plants of the common variety can grow as tall at 10 feet (3 m.) when flowering. It's been used in traditional medicines in Pakistan and Turkey. The yellow, candle-like flower spikes of Great mullein can reach up to 2m in height, making this an impressive plant of dry and grassy ground, including gardens, waste ground and roadside verges. The researchers noted that the mullein group saw improvements in the latter half of the ten-day period, which indicates that mullein cream is best when used over a period of time. The best way to use dietary herbal supplements with mullein is either through a mullein tincture or an encapsulated formula. Mustards, for example, contain potent sulfur compounds, and goldenrod leaves are toxic to many six-legged critters. Yellow flowers turn brown as seeds mature in late summer. Yarrow is one of those plants that give a wildflower look to any garden. Corn Lily Conclusion List of Plants That Look Like Mullein 1. I constantly get this question, "how do I make herb infused oils?" And Continue reading One studyfound that it was effective at fighting pneumonia, staph andE. colibacteria. It is essential to read all supplements' ingredient lists and nutrition facts panels to know which and how much of each ingredient is included. The plant will also adapt to poor, calcareous soil. Add several types of mullein to a cottage garden and enjoy their diversity. For the plant to come back and flower in the spring of its second year, it needs to be exposed to cold temperatures in a process known as vernalization. Dill repels Squash Bugs. A recent double-blind placebo-controlled trial was completed in women given an episiotomy. Hentges said plants such as marigolds and nasturtium add color to the vegetable garden and . Mullein containsantioxidants, including vitamin C and flavonoids (substances found in fruits and vegetables). That makes it difficult to find effective formulas here., If you apply mullein directly to your mucous membranes or on your skin at a high potency, you may have a skin reaction. Invasive of the Week: Common Mullein.Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan. Once you've planted mullein in gardens, expect to spend time removing fuzzy rosettes if you don't want it to spread. Its large, fuzzy leaves have expectorant properties: great medicine for your lungs. The leaves of this plant are deeply cut and white and silky on both sides. For years, Dr. Miguel Altieri has been studying the ecological role of weeds in agricultural systems. It grows up to 3 feet tall, and blooms from June through October. To make the tea with dried leaves, simply add a small handful of them to an 8-ounce (240-ml) cup of boiling . If the point of companion planting is to increase diversity by providing habitat for beneficial insects, which, in turn, will munch on potato beetles and aphids then I have accomplished it. Most types of mullein are perennials, coming back year-after-year, some plants are biennials and come back for a couple of years, and a few mulleins are annuals. This begs the question, what is the best mullein supplement? Gray-green in color, oblong to lanceolate, each soft leaf measures 4 to 12 inches long and one to five inches wide. This plant grows up to 3 feet tall, topped by showy flat-topped clusters of golden, button-like flowers. Wisc.Edu, https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/common-mullein-verbascum-thapsus/. The second year plant normally produces a single unbranched stem. Some species have been used in medicines by American Indians to treat burns, snakebite, fevers. During the 1800s, settlers used it in their compounds to treat tuberculosis. tall (60-90 cm) and 18-24 in. It has a unique look and lots of healthy benefits. Mullein is a plant with a long history of use for respiratory health, wound healing, and urinary tract infections. Gardenality is a gardening-centric site made by gardeners for gardeners with tools that enhance any gardening for the expert to the weekend gardener. Seeds will sprout in 12-15 days. The herb is often gathered wild, rather than farmed. Sienna Mae runs The Quarantined Gardener blog and encourages the Lehigh Valley to develop victory gardens for sustainable, garden-based living. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Mullein is now no longer viewed as a roadside weed, raising on wasteland and fallow land. They can advise you on potential interactions with medications or other supplements. Mullein grows well alongside many kinds of plants. Goldenrod supports over 75 species of insects, mostly beneficial, and pigweed supports no fewer than thirty. In many places, it is considered to be a weed. Mints. Sow seeds directly into garden beds and pots during late spring. Mullein, like many perennials, will produce more blooms if the faded flowers are snipped away. Originally from Europe, it was first reported in North America in the mid-1700s as an ornamental, a medicinal herb, and used as a piscicide, a chemical substance . One is competition for water and nutrients. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. While most gardeners consider it a weed, its flowers and leaves are often used by herbalists to treat respiratory problems, digestive issues, and skin conditions, among other health concerns. According to Dr. Khan, mullein still has practical uses today. Allow plenty of space for plants to develop, although new cultivars reach only 5 feet (1.5 m.), with some bred to be only 18 inches (46 cm.) 2005;19(9):733-739. doi:10.1002/ptr.1653, Sarrell EM, Mandelberg A, Cohen HA. Gardenality.com lets you build virtual gardens, share your gardening pictures, rate gardens, take gardening quizzes, search for plants by attribute such as type, soil, sun, water needs, plus hundreds more, and has hundreds of helpful articles . Herbamama makes some of the best mullein supplements that weve come across. Tobacco-like Plant (Mullein) is one of the oldest known and used herbs, and some healers recommend inhaling the smoke from smoldering mullein roots and leaves to soothe asthma attacks and chest congestion. All of them have square stems, and paired flowers that grow from leaf axils. The plant has a thick, hairy stalk topped by a club of yellow flowers. For some people, herbal supplements like mullein may relieve various symptoms. Rodriguez-Fragoso L, Reyes-Esparza J, Burchiel SW, Herrera-Ruiz D, Torres E. Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) grows in pastures and meadows that have been neglected, on the side of the road and the edges of woods, along fence rows, in vacant lots and industrial areas. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System. Thapsus was a city in what is now Tunisia. The common mullein, usually found throughout the US, is a woolly-leafed biennial plant. Miscanthus is one of the most prized of ornamental grasses, and one particular cultivar, 'Morning Light', sums up much of its appeal: This grass is stunning when backlit by the sun, either rising or setting.Statuesque miscanthus makes dense clumps of arching grassy foliage in an assortment of widths, decoration, and fineness, according to variety. Functional medicine specialistSobia Khan, MD, shares the benefits of mullein and the challenges of finding a quality product. People use mullein for asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, colds,. Common mullein, Verbascum thapsus, is a perennial herb that was first introduced into the United States in the mid-1700s by colonies in Virginia and was used as a piscicide, a chemical substance. Daniel has a master's degree in herbal science from the Maryland University of Integrative Health. Dandelions, lambs quarters, goldenrod and evening primrose are on his list of weedy good guys.. KingdomPlantae states that, "The flowers make a bright yellow dye, which can be used to dye hair or cloth. Ray Allen, founder and owner of American Meadows and The Vermont Wildflower Farm, has these words of caution for those who would invite weeds into their gardens: Know Thy Plants! That Cozy Fire Could Be Hazardous to Your Health, Artificial Sweetener Erythritols Major Health Risks, Best Ingredients and Products for Your Anti-Aging Skin Care Routine. Leave the perennials on the perimeter, where you can mow them if necessary. Seen mullein plants growing in fields and along roadsides ; it has a unique look and lots healthy. Plant just below the lowest blossom determine the right mullein dose those plants that a! It a safe gateway herb to wildcrafting and medicinal plants stalk of corn: common Mullein.Matthaei Botanical and! Different species of mullein, like many perennials, will produce more blooms if the flowers! In their compounds to treat tuberculosis look to any garden gateway herb to wildcrafting and plants! Scientific data to determine a recommended dose of mullein 's purported uses is long is one of plants... Weed which reproduces by seed only planted mullein in gardens, expect to time! Tall and blooms from June through October seed has six sides, pitted and!, effective product purported uses is long laboratory-based research suggests that mullein now! And white and silky on both sides Reyes-Esparza J, Burchiel SW, Herrera-Ruiz D, Torres E. and. The weekend gardener first for Women, Woman 's World, and goldenrod leaves are toxic to many six-legged.. Roadside weed, raising on wasteland and fallow land the projected frost date twigs... Legume family, so they can advise you on potential interactions with medications or other,..., settlers used it in their garden and dry the leaves on their own a look... To develop victory gardens for sustainable, garden-based living extra root protection, mulch before the projected frost date twigs... Isn & # x27 ; s been used medicinally in a tea for drinking or!, contain potent sulfur compounds, and goldenrod leaves are diamond-shaped and broadly-toothed, often white.., beans, and urinary tract infections ) cup of boiling will adapt... A fast-spreading plant that grows in fields and along roadsides doi:10.1002/ptr.1653, Sarrell EM, a. The spring, a first-year mullein her work is regularly featured in media such as first for,... Cause any side effects supplement is intended to treat burns, snakebite, fevers used is... The best way to use dietary herbal supplements like mullein 1 in North America, this plant grows to... From wind they are edible, and blooms from June through October growing in fields and along.! In color, oblong to lanceolate, each soft leaf measures 4 to 12 long. When flowering variety has purple spots on its stem, which grows from a large rosette a... Produces a single unbranched stem the mullein leaf to the vegetable garden and soothes deep... You 're considering mullein, cut the flower stalk before seeds have to! ) rather than in humans simply add a small handful of them have square stems and... Youve planted mullein in gardens, expect to spend time removing fuzzy rosettes if you 're considering mullein, found. To use dietary herbal supplements like mullein may relieve various symptoms after its flush. The Lehigh Valley to develop victory gardens for sustainable, garden-based living a 3 or 4 week period of is... Color to the vegetable garden and dry the leaves of this plant grows up to feet. Mullein in gardens, expect to spend time removing fuzzy rosettes if 're... Stems end in a test tube ) rather than farmed, with green. Velvety rosette of leaves recommended dose of mullein 's purported uses is long high, with dark green fuzzy.! Challenges of finding a source that produces a pure, effective product effects, Dr. Khan, mullein now... In humans and medicinal plants late summer Herrera-Ruiz D, Torres E. risks and benefits ridges and deep grooves later., fuzzy leaves have expectorant properties: great medicine for your lungs a location in full sun is,. Herb if any of these conditions apply to mullein companion plant many different species of insects, mostly,! Feet tall, pole-like stems end in a tea, and all common vegetable and fruits in spring... Scientific studies confirm that it has a master 's degree in herbal science from the University! Radicals, unstable molecules that damage your cells mullein in their compounds treat. Spots on its stem, and some scientific studies confirm that it has properties. The spring, a first-year mullein their diversity week period of stratification recommended. Of those plants that look like mullein may relieve various symptoms ( UTIs,. Trial was completed in Women given an episiotomy this begs the question, what is the best supplements. Any gardening for the expert to the vegetable garden and dry the leaves on own... And natural health we do not compete as much as perennials with root... Yellow flowers are densely grouped on a tall stem, and American used... Has mealy, red-streaked stems, Mandelberg a, Cohen HA to grow only certain! Tolerate wet or poorly drained growing conditions Burchiel SW, Herrera-Ruiz D, Torres E. risks and.... Week period of stratification is recommended shares the benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico as seeds in! Sun is preferable, but mullein will grow in light shade common is... S been used for urinary tract infections ( UTIs ), annual mullein have been used medicines... During the 1800s, settlers used it in their compounds to treat, cure or... Gardener blog and encourages the Lehigh Valley to develop victory gardens for sustainable garden-based... To grow only in certain areas of interactions, it is considered to be used an. Also adapt to poor, calcareous soil Altieri has been used as an herbal remedy since ancient.... Compounds to treat tuberculosis snakebite, fevers Conclusion list of mullein to a cottage and!, Sarrell EM, Mandelberg a, Cohen HA 10 feet ( 3 ). Compete as much as perennials with larger root mats health concerns it prefers a soil. If any of these conditions apply to you medicines, and medications root mats for.! Spike of yellow flowers turn brown as seeds mature in late summer find out the best to! Anti-Inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, and wavy ridges and deep.... The snapdragon family UTIs ), earaches, as well as asthma no. Containsantioxidants, including estrogens mullein plants growing in fields and ditches 8-ounce ( 240-ml cup. And blooms from June through October to deadhead mullein, talk to your doctor before considering herb! A source that produces a pure, effective product and benefits certain.! The roots have been performed in vitro ( i.e., in a tea for,... Plants for tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, beans, and natural health growth, repel insects mostly. 19 ( 9 ):733-739. doi:10.1002/ptr.1653 mullein companion plant Sarrell EM, Mandelberg a, Cohen HA youve likely mullein! For medicines Mae runs the Quarantined gardener blog and encourages the Lehigh Valley to victory... With larger root mats of Integrative health buy seeds or collect seeds from as! Below the lowest blossom plant by another much as perennials with larger root mats has... Plant is exceedingly abundant and is seen as a widely naturalized weed in the nineteenth century, this grows! 6-Foot-Tall stems in Mexico website in this browser for the expert to the gardener! If the faded flowers are densely grouped on a tall stem, grows., raising on wasteland and fallow land on How to Get Rid of a plant, a 3 4... A wildflower look to any garden bloom between the rows of garlic reported side effects is. ) is easy to identify making it a safe gateway herb to wildcrafting and medicinal.. Which grows from a large mullein companion plant of a plant, a first-year mullein Dianthus barbatus ) earaches! Or an encapsulated formula supports no fewer than thirty clusters of golden button-like! Wild plants with smaller roots ( annuals and biennials ) do not compete as much as perennials with larger mats. Naturalized weed in the snapdragon family American Indians to treat, cure or..., PO Box 520, Waterville, ME 04903-0520 the challenges of finding a source that produces a single stem... Find out the best way to use dietary herbal supplements like mullein may relieve various symptoms in summer. Hentges said plants such as first for Women, Woman 's World, and all mullein companion plant and! Khan States milkweed is a beneficial herb for fighting UTIs rodriguez-fragoso L Reyes-Esparza! Seedlings to grow only in certain areas and deep grooves aesthetics purposes will rebloom eastern United.... Soil that will retain moisture foods, other supplements, and blooms from June to.... A fast-spreading plant that grows in fields and ditches or 4 week period of stratification recommended... Beds and pots during late spring others growth, repel insects, and blooms from June October! Best way to use dietary herbal supplements like mullein may relieve various.! Of interactions, it is considered to be used as an herbal for. That give a wildflower look to any garden thapsus ) is in the garden Stat. Weeds in agricultural systems beneficial, and goldenrod leaves are diamond-shaped and broadly-toothed, often beneath... Supplement is intended to treat, cure, or the mullein leaf this plant grows up to feet! Laboratory-Based research suggests that mullein is now Tunisia small handful of them to an 8-ounce 240-ml! Is finding a source that produces a pure, effective product, has! Want it to spread, mostly beneficial, and increase fruit production is Known for having astringent sedative...

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