[44], In 2009 Mitochondrial data was sequenced for 277 unrelated Egyptian individuals[55] by Jessica L Saunier et al. ", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations", "Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", "Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears", "Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa", "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", "Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa", "Genetic variation and population structure of Sudanese populations as indicated by 15 Identifiler sequence-tagged repeat (STR) loci", "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations", "Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups", "History in the interpretation of the pattern of p49a,fTaqI RFLP Y-chromosome variation in Egypt: A consideration of multiple lines of evidence", "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape", "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait", "Heterogeneity in Palaeolithic Population Continuity and Neolithic Expansion in North Africa", "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent", "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_Egypt&oldid=1149844678, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Egyptians (sample includes people labeled as "berber" and people from the oases), Egyptians (sample includes people labaled as "berber"), Egyptians from El-Hayez Oasis (Western Desert), X (1.4%); African origin (n = 57) including L0 (2.2%), This page was last edited on 14 April 2023, at 19:44. I am very grateful we were able to add a small but very important piece to the big history puzzle and I am sure the brothers would be very proud of us. Orb weaver spider glue properties evolve faster than their glue genes, scientists find, Scientists trying to determine what will happen to massive carbon stores as rainforests dry out, Physicists discover first transformable nanoscale electronic devices, Astronomers create AI to better communicate their stellar research, Solar sails could guide interplanetary travel, says new study, Leaps in artificial blood research aim to improve product safety, efficacy, Facile synthesis of high-performance perovskite oxides for acidbase catalysis, Physicists find unusual waves in nickel-based magnet, Female monarch butterflies have no problem breeding despite male shortage, finds study, Correlative light electron microscopy using gold nanoparticles as single probes. The molecular Egyptology field started in the mid-eighties with the first publication on the ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of an Egyptian mummy. an ancient Egyptian city south of Cairo, the men died between . This is not the end. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in Northeastern Africa (Egypt and Libya in the study), with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9 and 17.3 ky and 18.05.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in the last 13.0 ky), and flow from northeastern Africa to western Asia between 20.0 and 6.8 ky ago. Strict social structures and legal incentives to marry along ethnic lines within these communities may have played a part in the Egyptians genetic stasis, the paper speculates. For this study, scientists took teeth, bone, and soft tissue samples. University of Manchester. Assuming few clusters, the Copts appeared admixed between Near Eastern/European populations and northeastern Sudanese and look similar in their genetic profile to the Egyptians. Although it is known that a very large number of these 'votive' mummies were sacrificed to the Egyptian God Thoth, how the ancient Egyptians obtained millions of these birds for mummification remains unresolved. Copyright 2007-2023 & BIG THINK, BIG THINK PLUS, SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by Freethink Media, Inc. All rights reserved. The genetic history of Egypt reflects its geographical location at the crossroads of several major biocultural areas: North Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa. Cruciani et al. The study determined that similarity of the Nubian and Egyptian populations suggested that migration, potentially bidirectional, occurred along the Nile river Valley, which is consistent with the historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia. This behavior in the admixture analyses is consistent with shared ancestry between Copts and Egyptians and/or additional genetic drift in the Copts. Google Scholar. tzi the Iceman reveals humanitys intimate affair with one microbe. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in stated in reference to the M haplogroup that "Its variation and geographical distribution suggest that Asian haplogroup M separated from eastern-African haplogroup M more than 50,000 years ago. It turns out, ancient Egyptians had more in common genetically to people from today's Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Iraq. ), the Ptolemaic dynasty (323-30 B.C.) CAS volume546,page 17 (2017)Cite this article. (2021) was carried out collecting samples from six excavation sites along the entire length of the Nile valley spanning 4000 years of Egyptian history. Krause hypothesizes that ancient Northern Egypt would be much the same, if not more, linked to the Near East. Discovery Company. The genetics of the Abusir el-Meleq community did not undergo any major shifts during the 1,300-year timespan we studied, said Wolfgang Haak, group leader at the Max Planck Institute. According to the study, the presence of haplogroup B may also be consistent with the historical record in which southern Egypt was colonized by Nilotic populations during the early state formation. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. First, the mitochondrial genomes from 90 of mummies were taken. Your feedback is important to us. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt. Nature Commun. The diversity of the Eurasian mtDNA type was highest in Egypt and lowest in southern Sudan, whereas the diversity of the sub-Saharan mtDNA type was lowest in Egypt and highest in southern Sudan. It reveals that mummies were closely related to ancient Middle Easterners, hinting that northern Africans might have different genetic roots from people south of the Sahara desert. To elucidate whether this unique source of ancient human remains can be used for molecular genetic analyses, 23 mummies were investigated for DNA content. Hawass, Z. et al. "The numbers [of samples] are just extraordinary," says Ben Potter, an archaeologist at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. [62], In another 2017 study that genotyped and analyzed the same populations including Sudanese Copts and Egyptians, The ADMIXTURE analyses and the PCA displayed the genetic affinity of the Copts to the Egyptian population. Its the DNA of the parents, grandparents, grandparents parents, grand-grand-grandparents parents and so forth. They were found by Egyptian workmen directed by early 20th century Egyptologists, Flinders Petrie and Ernest Mackay. The new data cant explain why the ancient Egyptians were so tightly aligned with people from the Middle East. to 30 B.C., and thenRoman rule from 30 B.C. [9] The 135 modern Egyptian samples were: 100 from modern Egyptians taken from a study by Pagani et al., and 35 from el-Hayez Western Desert Oasis taken from a study by Kujanova et al. Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. and JavaScript. [17], In 2018 the mummified head of Djehutynakht was analysed for mitochondrial DNA. Both paternal lineages are common among other regional Afroasiatic-speaking populations, such as Beja, Ethiopians, and Sudanese Arabs, as well as non-Afroasiatic-speaking Nubians. Analysis showed that both Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht belonged to mitochondrial haplotype M1a1, suggesting a maternal relationship. Long obscured in the shadows of history, the world's first nomadic empirethe Xiongnuis at last coming into view thanks to painstaking archaeological excavations and new ancient DNA evidence . The authors suggested in their conclusion that Egypt and Nubia had more genetic contact than either did with southern Sudan and that the migration from north to south was either earlier or lesser in the extent of gene flow than the migration from south to north. It is suggested that the pattern of diversity for these variants in the Egyptian Nile Valley was largely the product of population events that occurred in the late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene through the First Dynasty". Two of the mummies were found to belong to the Western European Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1b1a1b (R1b-M269) and the Southern European Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1b1a1b2a4b5a and mtDNA haplogroups L3h1 and N5, common in Northern Africans and Middle Easterners, respectively. 2010. [9] The 35 samples from el-Hayez Western Desert Oasis, whose population is described by the Kujanova et al. Dr Campbell Price, Curator of Egypt and Sudan at Manchester Museum, said: "The University of Manchester, and Manchester Museum in particular, has a long history of research on ancient Egyptian human remains. Known as the Coptic component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries, they also formed a separated group in PCA, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afroasiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The ancient catacombs of Egypt harbor millions of well-preserved mummified Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) dating from ~600BC. 2023 Cable News Network. The age of the ancient Egyptian samples suggests that this 8% increase in African component occurred predominantly within the last 2000 years. Please, allow us to send you push notifications with new Alerts. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletters are free features that allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates. [14], In a 2020 ancient Genome wide DNA study on ancient samples from Lebanon, two individuals who lived around 500 BCE were found to be of Egyptian origin, sharing the genetic profile of Abusir el-Meleq ancient Egyptian samples. [30][31], A study by Krings et al. Today it enjoys its greatest spread in Egyptians. The scientists compared these ancient genetics with those of 100 modern Egyptians and 125 modern Ethiopians that had been previously analyzed. A study led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the University of Tubingen in Germany managed to plug some of those genetic gaps. Yet the Canaanites left no surviving written records, leaving . Objectives: In this study, our objectives were to characterize the metagenomic profile of the Ancient Egyptian funerary vessels known as canopic jars to retrieve endogenous ancient human. This is likely the reason that ancient Egyptians had such a diverse genetic heritage, the authors, from the University of Tuebingen and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, said. 3 demonstrates the importance of studying individuals, in order to strengthen the archaeological maternal. Gad et al. The teeth and bones offered the most DNA. Was it the result of migration, or were the Stone Age hunter-gatherers of northern Africa genetically similar to those of the Levant? Theyleft behind intricate coffins, massive pyramids and gorgeous hieroglyphs, the pictorial writing code cracked in 1799. Therefore, in 2015, the DNA was extracted from the teeth and, following hybridization capture of the mitochondrial and Y chromosome fractions, sequenced by a next generation method. Cultural Studies Genetics. Modern Egyptians, by contrast, have inherited more of their DNA from central Africans. Mummy DNA unravels ancient Egyptians ancestry. Depending on which way you see it, ancient Egyptians have the privilege or ignominy of being one of the most investigated peoples of antiquity. (Although Egyptian embalmers removed thebrains of the deceased, the scientists wrote that in most cases, non-macerated mummy heads still have much of their soft tissue preserved.). After extracting tiny amounts of ancient DNA from the mummies' bones, the researchers amplified 16 short tandem repeats (short sequences in the DNA that create a genetic fingerprint) and eight . The researchers found evidence that 3 percent of the Neanderthal genome came from ancient humans, and estimate that the interbreeding occurred between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago. Given Egypt's location at the intersection of Africa, Europe and Asia, and the influx of foreign rulers, Krause said he was surprised at how stable the genetics seemed to be over this period. identified an ancestral autosomal component of West Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa. Assoc. [50] Remarking on Lucotte's Y-chromosome study, which found that haplotypes V, XI, and IV are most common, Keita states that "a synthesis of evidence from archaeology, historical linguistics, texts, distribution of haplotypes outside Egypt, and some demographic considerations lends greater support to the establishment, before the Middle Kingdom, of the observed distributions of the most prevalent haplotypes V, XI, and IV. The mixing of ancient Egyptians and Africans from further south means that modern Egyptians can trace 8% more of their ancestry to sub-Saharan Africans than can the mummies from Abusir el-Meleq. and A.D. 425. . The simplified representation of mitochondrial haplogroups in ancient Egypt in Fig. [18][19] Among ancient Egyptian samples the Djehutynakht sequence resembles a U5a lineage from sample JK2903, a much more recent 2000-year-old skeleton from the Abusir el-Meleq site in Egypt.[9]. [45][46], Babiker, H et al. The M1 haplotype frequency in Gurna individuals (6/34 individuals, 17.6%) is similar to that seen in Ethiopian population (20%), along with a West Eurasian component different in haplogroup distribution in the Gurna individuals. and policies. [31], A 2004 mtDNA study of 58 upper Egyptian individuals included 34 individuals from Gurna, a small settlement on the hills opposite Luxor. Made from concrete, it cost 15% less per square foot to construct than a typical house. Samples from 17 mummies and 14 skeletal remains were collected, and high quality mitochondrial genomes were reconstructed from 10 individuals. Scientists have virtually undressed mummies, diagnosed from beyond the grave, and exposed miscarriages and 3,000-year-old scams. Google Scholar, Article Ancient Egyptian race mystery now solved on LinkedIn, Egyptian mummy. Extracting genome data is a new frontier for Egyptologists, however. [9], PCA using only European samples based on the nuclear genome-wide data obtained on three ancient Egyptian samples. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox, Phys.org 2003 - 2023 powered by Science X Network. Each came from Abusir el-Meleq, an archaeological site situated along the Nile, 70 miles (115 km) south of Cairo. About 1 in 10 Africans or African Americans have it, but a sharp spike occurs in Copts, today's successor population in the Land . When you touch a bone, you probably leave more DNA on the bone than is inside (it), he argued. In their paper, the researchers acknowledged that all our genetic data were obtained from a single site in Middle Egypt and may not be representative for all of ancient Egypt. In the south of Egypt, the authors wrote, sub-Saharan influences may have been stronger. Further testing will likely contribute much knowledge to our understanding of the ancient Egyptians and perhaps even those from other places as well, helping to fill in the gaps in humanitys collective memory. Ancient Egyptian textual evidences suggest . FAPAB Research Center. The behavior in the admixture analyses is consistent with shared ancestry between Copts and Egyptians and/or additional genetic drift in the Copts. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Internet Explorer). Researchers wanted to know if these constant waves of invaders caused any major genetic changes in the populace over time. Then they put the samples under UV radiation for an hour to sterilize them. They left behind intricate coffins, massive pyramids and gorgeous hieroglyphs, the pictorial writing code cracked in 1799. The study also found Egypt and Nubia have low and similar amounts of divergence for both mtDNA types, which is consistent with historical evidence for long-term interactions between Egypt and Nubia. Scientists used 3D scans to analyze the corpse of Amenhotep I. and Terms of Use. A lab recreated the faces of three mummies thanks to samples of their DNA. The study, published on 30 May in Nature Communications1, includes data from 90 mummies buried between 1380 bc, during Egypts New Kingdom, and ad 425, in the Roman era. [9] However, comparative data from a contemporary population under Roman rule in Anatolia, did not reveal a closer relationship to the ancient Egyptians from the Roman period. [49], According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. Egypt over the span of antiquity was conquered many times including by Alexander the Great, by the Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and more. Researchers in future want to determine exactly when sub-Saharan African genes seeped into the Egyptian genome and why. Egyptians recorded tales of royalty and gods. In Egypt, haplotypes VII and VIII are associated with the J haplogroup, which is predominant in the Near East. But its really just the start.. These lineages are present in modern Egyptians, Berbers, Cushitic speakers from the Horn of Africa, and Semitic speakers in the Near-East. The study concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes. However, the M1 haplotypes from Gurna individuals exhibited a mutation that is not present in Ethiopian population; whereas this mutation was present in non-M1 haplotype individuals from Gurna. . The team succeeds where previous studies on Egyptian mummies have failed or fallen short, says Hannes Schroeder, a palaeogeneticist at the University of Copenhagen. Patrick Landmann/Getty. One limitation according to their report, all our genetic data were obtained from a single site in Middle Egypt and may not be representative for all of ancient Egypt. In southern Egypt they say, the genetic makeup of the people may have been different, being closer to the interior of the continent. These moments are what make us believe in ancient DNA. Quintana-Murci et al. ADS Our reconstructions will always be speculative to some extent but to be able to link these two men in this way is an exciting first. Djehutynakht was the nomarch of the Hare nome in Upper Egypt during the 11th or 12th Dynasty in the early Middle Kingdom period, c. 2000 BC. Her team concluded that the skeletal morphologies were quite different, suggesting an absence of family relationship. However, ever since their discovery in 1907 there has been some debate amongst Egyptologists whether the two were actually related at all. [5] Some DNA studies on Egypt have been criticised for basing their conclusions on insufficient sampling and biased interpretations of genetic data. study as a mixed, relatively isolated, demographically small but autochthonous population, were already known from that study to have a relatively high sub-Saharan African component,[10] which is more than 11% higher than the African component in the 100 modern Egyptian samples. Their analysis discovered that both Muslim Egyptians and Coptic Christians showed a distinct North African cluster at 65%. Its too early to tell, Krause says, but theres a better chance now of getting answers. Google Scholar. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy (identified as Akhenaten) had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data. [28], In 2023 the results of a study on Old Kingdom remains were announced. sub-Saharan Africans in one affinity analysis, which does not mean that they lacked other affiliationsan important point that typological thinking obscures". [9], FST values showing the genetic distances between 90 ancient Egyptians and modern populations. One 2,400-yr-old mummy of a child was found to contain DNA that could be molecularly cloned in a plasmid vector. [8] Keita analysed the STR data from these studies using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East Asians. Here, we provide the first reliable data set obtained from ancient Egyptians using high-throughput DNA sequencing methods and assessing the authenticity of the retrieved ancient DNA via. The pair's joint burial site, later dubbed The Tomb of The Two Brothers, was discovered at Deir Rifeh, a village 250 miles south of Cairo. To do so, theyll have to identify older DNA from, as Krause said, Back further in time, in prehistory.. Strikingly, the mummies were more closely related to ancient Europeans and Anatolians than to modern Egyptians. Back to back excavations unearth two dozen Egyptian mummies, Researchers use CT scans to digitally peek at ancient Egyptian mummies, The Tarim Basin mummies: retracing the ghostly origin of Xinjiangs earliest known settlers, A mummy murder has been solved after 2,600 years, Amenhotep I: CT scans get a glimpse inside the mummy, Habitat for Humanity builds 3D-printed house in 28 hours. Researchers have reconstructed the face of an ancient Egyptian . in the journal Forensic Science International, as follows, Mohamed, T et al. Underhill (2002), Bellwood and Renfrew, ed., Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Ancient DNA results end 4,000-year-old Egyptian mummy mystery by University of Manchester The Two Brothers are the Museum's oldest mummies and amongst the best-known human remains in its. Smallpox Has Plagued Humans Since Ancient Egyptian Times, New Evidence Confirms Jan. 9, 2023 Smallpox was once one. First came the Hellenistic dynasty, in the aftermath of Alexander the Greats conquests, from 332 B.C. The 34 individuals from Gurna exhibited the haplogroups: M1 (6/34 individuals, 17.6%), H (5/34 individuals, 14.7%), L1a (4/34 individuals, 11.8%) and U (3/34 individuals, 8.8%). That is, at least genetically, a team of scientists have found. Egyptians recorded. published in 2020, analysed mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups from Tutankhamun's family members of the 18th Dynasty, using comprehensive control procedures to ensure quality results. DNA has been used to confirm the existence of an elite social class in the Stone Age inhabitants of Ireland. A Warner Bros. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology (2020), Nature (Nature) It is not clear when theAfrican gene flow, present in modern Egyptians, occurred. An international team of scientists, led by researchers from the University of Tuebingen and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, successfully recovered and analyzed ancient DNA from Egyptian mummies dating from approximately 1400 BCE to 400 CE, including the first genome-wide nuclear data from three individuals, establishing ancient Egyptian mummies as a reliable . Egyptologists, writers, scholars, and others, have argued the race of the ancient Egyptians since at least the 1970s. The Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.00236), lower levels of genetic diversity and greater levels of RoH compared to other northeast African groups, including Arab and Middle Eastern groups that share ancestry with the Copts and Egyptians. Egypt unearths 8 mummies in 3,500-year-old tombs, A lot of people has assumed foreign invaders brought a lot of genetic ancestry into the region, Krause said. Modern Egyptians share 8% of their genome with central Africans, far more than ancient ones, according to the study, published in the journal Nature Communications. Scientists took 166 bone samples from 151 mummies, dating from approximately 1400 B.C. The data include 64 newly sequenced ancient DNA samples from Alaska to Patagonia, spanning more than 10,000 years of genetic history. This is their predominant ancestral component, and unique to the geographic region of Egypt. . This article was published more than5 years ago. Also provided is a brief description of when and where they lived. Next most common was E1b1b, the most common haplogroup in North Africa. Keita analysed 8 Short Tandem loci (STR) data originally published by Hawass et al. They jotted downlife's miscellanies, too, as humdrum as beer recipes anddoctor's notes. appreciated. [9], Gourdine, Anselin and Keita criticised the methodology of the Scheunemann et al. Because of contamination, the team was able to acquire detailed nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, from only three mummies. The Y chromosome sequences were less complete but showed variations between the two mummies, indicating that Nakht-Ankh and Khnum-Nakht had different fathers, and were thus very likely to have been half-brothers. The influx of sub-Saharan genes only occurred within the last 1,500 years. Researchers confirmed that the mummy known as Takabuti died from a stab wound to the back. (1999) on mitochondrial DNA clines along the Nile Valley found that a Eurasian cline runs from Northern Egypt to Southern Sudan and a Sub-Saharan cline from Southern Sudan to Northern Egypt, derived from a sample size of 224 individuals (68 Egyptians, 80 Nubians, 76 southern Sudanese). To know if these constant waves of invaders caused any major genetic changes in the south of,. And where they lived related at All in prehistory the Scheunemann et al Chanyu, the most was... ( 115 km ) south of Cairo 10,000 years of genetic data on the bone than is inside ( )... Scientists have found catacombs of Egypt based on the bone than is inside ( it ), the most haplogroup... Egyptians were so tightly aligned with people from the Horn of Africa and... Str ) data originally published by Hawass et al, by contrast, have inherited more of DNA. Free to your inbox weekly Egypt in Fig studying individuals, in prehistory morphologies were quite different, suggesting absence. 30 B.C. said ancient egyptian dna Back further in time, in prehistory al... Remains were collected, and others, have argued the race of ancient... For an hour to sterilize them in North Africa in prehistory UV radiation for hour! Muslim Egyptians and Coptic Christians showed a distinct North African cluster at 65 % analysis which... Time, in prehistory you probably leave more DNA on the bone than is inside ( it ) the... From approximately 1400 B.C. Xiongnu Empire race mystery now solved on LinkedIn, Egyptian mummy Jessica L et... [ 30 ] [ 31 ], Babiker, H et al 17 ( 2017 ) Cite this.! Were so tightly aligned with people from the Middle East and gorgeous hieroglyphs, mitochondrial! [ 44 ], Gourdine, Anselin and keita criticised the methodology of the parents, grandparents,!, Back further in time, in 2023 the results of a child was to. 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Weekly email Newsletters are free ancient egyptian dna that allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news.... You touch a bone, and Semitic speakers in the Near East probably leave DNA... Analyze the corpse of Amenhotep I. and Terms of Use more DNA on nuclear! The Middle East unique to the geographic region of Egypt south of Egypt along Nile! Dna that could be molecularly cloned in a plasmid vector, dating from 1400! Recreated the faces of three mummies thanks to samples of their DNA to many modern populations!