In 2017, archives of the trial were released by the French government and do not reflect a fair trial. Amid growing social unrest at home and mutinous rumblings at the front, the logical scapegoat was internal betrayal by people of dubious background, reviving the xenophobic and anti-Semitic themes of the Dreyfus Affair from 1894-1906. On February 13, 1917, Mata Hari was arrested, charged with espionage and confined to Paris infamous Saint-Lazare prison. Zelle decided to go to Paris for a new start. Margarethas father speculated unsuccessfully in oil and left his family. In 1476, he finally found himself in over his head on the battlefield. Others, of course, believe that she was in fact a German double agent. However, it was reported at her arrest and trial in 1917 that Mata Hari had been in the employ of France. History Hit brings you the stories that shaped the world through our award winning podcast network and an online history channel. Mata Hari was a professional dancer and mistress who accepted an assignment to spy for France in 1916. Following an abortive attempt to travel to Belgium in November 1916, Mata Hari ended up in neutral Spain, where she bedded a German major named Arnold Kalle. He was, the real Zelle told her interrogators, "the man I love the most in all the world", and she had certainly tried enough of them to know. Mata Hari was the stage name for Gertruda Margaretha Zelle, who was born July 8, 1876, in the Dutch East Indies to a Dutch father and a Javanese mother. Then the court heard of the ill-fated trip to Spain, the arrest by British intelligence in Cornwall, and the intercepted radio messages in a cracked cipher, which nobody knew had been sent on purpose to seal her doom. Rosanoff tries to seduce Mata Hari. Sophie Masloff, a Democrat who campaigned with a big black pocketbook, charmed voters with homespun verbal gaffes and from 1988 to '94 was the first woman and the first Jew to . Where John McCrae wrote In Flanders Fields. Many people who met her say that she was sociable but just not smart enough to pull off such a feat. She also took a number of lovers (often military men from various countries) who were willing to provide her financial support in exchange for her company. Vlad's land maintained limited sovereignty in return for taxes, troops, and fealty. I never considered myself a German agent with a number, she pleaded, because I never did anything for them.. In fact, Mata Hari had been approached by a German agent in May 1916 in the Netherlands, and accepted an offer of 20,000 francs to work for Germany, along with a codename, H21 but all in bad faith, she would later insist, claiming she went along chiefly out of a desire to recoup the earlier loss of her property at the hands of German officials. In the book Karineh Foliant behind the scenes of the passion. in the end Zelle was executed by firing squad on October 15, 1917, near Paris. she defiantly told her interrogators. Greta Garbo is a delight in this biopic of the exotic dancer executed for espionage, and the supporting moustaches a special treat, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, The art of seduction Ramon Navarro and Greta Garbo in Mata Hari. With characteristic confidence, she seized the moment. Despite a lack of evidence about the secrets she might have passed to the Germans, the prosecution blamed her for the deaths of thousands of Allied soldiers and pointed to her numerous affairs as proof that she had been gathering intelligence. Her name now represents all female spies and any woman seen to be sabotaging her country through her relationship with men, but the woman behind the myth has somewhat disappeared. Answer (1 of 2): Mata Hari Biography Dancer, Spy (1876-1917) Mata Hari was a professional dancer and mistress who became a spy for France during World War I. She then fell in love with a Russian officer, 21-year-old Russian captain, Vladimir de Masloff. People came to see me because I was the first who dared to show myself naked to the public. To add to her mystique, Margaretha adopted the stage name Mata Hari, a Malay phrase meaning eye of the day., Audiences were entranced by Mata Haris claims that her rhythmic, undulating movements were part of an ancient temple rite from the Orient, and her shows quickly became a sensation. Vladimir de Masloff, of the Russian Army, who was stationed in France. They married in 1895 when Margaretha was just shy of 19. The demonization also reflected a number of overlapping fears and insecurities resulting from social and cultural trends, which had gripped France and the rest of Europe by the third year of the war. Tonight I dine with Count A and tomorrow with Duke B, she once quipped. The government did present evidence of her numerous encounters with French officers and officials suggesting (but hardly proving) that she had extracted secrets from them; unsurprisingly, virtually none of her old lovers came forward to testify on her behalf, as this would have tarnished their reputation as well. On July 11, 1895, the two were married. The amateur spy failed to deduce that Kalle had realized exactly what she was up to, and was feeding her out-of-date and made-up information, deceiving her just as she believed she was deceiving him. Garbo is deliciously watchable in this fictionalised but nonetheless well-researched biopic. Productions like the 1931 film Mata Hari starring Greta Garbo, perpetuated the story of the glamorous courtesan and exotic dancer with a dangerous double life as a spy who was suddenly found out by the French, and executed in 1917. He was, the real Zelle told her. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Tuskegee Airman Clarence D. Lester Broke Barriers, Biography: You Need to Know: Rick Thornton. Vlad belonged to the crusading Order of the Dragon, which formed in 1408 to defend Catholicism against Ottoman Muslims and Orthodox Christians, according to the book The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century. Zelle and John suspected the children may have been poisoned by a disgruntled servant. After the tragedy, the MacLeod family returned to the Netherlands. These included widespread distrust of foreigners, including not just the enemy but also unreliable Allies and potentially treacherous neutrals, as well as unease over womens growing economic power, and moral panic over the changing sexual mores of the younger generations (typified by parental concern about young women volunteering at hospitals where they could mix with men, and over young men at the front visiting prostitutes and contracting venereal disease). The fact that she portrayed herself as an exotic other might have enabled the French to use her capture as propaganda, separating the blame for the lack of success in the war from themselves. . Mata Hari fell in love with Russian officer Vladimir de Masloff. During their rocky, nine-year marriage marred by MacLeod's heavy drinking and frequent rages over the attention his wife garnered from other officers Mata Hari gave birth to two children, a daughter and a son. The discovery of Swedish engineer S. A. Andre's tragic, long-lost polar expedition in 1930 led to more questions than answers. She seems to have died bravely, she refused a blindfold and stood silently until the gunshots rang out. During her trial Zelle was interrogated by Captain Pierre Bouchardon, a military prosecutor, who held up her way of living as evidence against her. Historian Stephen Bourne, author of 'Fighting Proud', discusses the role of gay servicemen in the world wars and the challenges of publishing gay history. Suspected of being a double agent, she was executed in 1917. Arrested on 13 February, Margaretha pleaded innocence; a courtesan, I admit it. Jennifer Rosenberg is a historian and writer who specializes in 20th-century history. She was killed in an instant when their multiple gunshots exploded as one. Noticing the effect her exotic appearance seemed to have on men, when she was 19 years old she responded to a newspaper personals ad placed by a Dutch colonial officer, Rudolf MacLeod, serving in the Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia), seeking a wife. For military merit was awarded 4 orders (St. Vladimir, St. Stanislaus, Anna) as well as the French war cross with a palm branch. The story carries . Also Known As: "Vlado" Birthdate: February 18, 1894: Birthplace: Turku, Finland: Death: March 19, 1944 (50) Mynmki . Mata Hari is swarmed by fans. The French became convinced that she was a spy and arrested her on Feb. 13, 1917. Father of Heikki Jaakko Mauri Malka The battles shambled on like war-weary zombies in the form of what History describes as "mainly military campaigns aimed at pushing Muslims from conquered territory, or conquering pagan regions." Undaunted as always, she managed to reestablish herself in the Netherlands as the mistress of a Dutch baron, and by December 1915 she was back in Paris, visiting all her old haunts and patrons. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! However, documentary evidence of the symptoms feel the same degree of ardour on the part of the officer there. Ivan Masloff COO de Haloprof. In 1903, after losing custody of her daughter, she moved to Paris and looked to start over. Geni requires JavaScript! Mata Hari was born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, on August 7, 1876, as the first of four children. We will send you the latest TV programmes, podcast episodes and articles, as well as exclusive offers from our shop and carefully selected partners. The famous courtesan and exotic entertainer Margaretha Zelle (Mata Hari) reaches her middle years disillusioned with life until she meets and falls in love with the dashing Russian soldier Captain Vladimir de Masloff. She was in Berlin at the time, and when she tried to travel to France, the Germans confiscated her luggage and bank accounts. Tuskegee Airman Clarence D. Lester Broke Barriers, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Mata Hari, Birth Year: 1876, Birth date: August 7, 1876, Birth City: Leeuwarden, Birth Country: Netherlands. Nor was Mata Hari's maid, who acted as an intermediary for the baron's payments. She was, however, noted as the source of German information that the French were not planning an imminent attack in 1915. Vladimir de Masloff, of the Russian army, stationed in France. A spy, never!" As recounted in A History of the Crusades, in 1459, Pope Pius II declared a crusade against the Ottomans, who conquered Constantinople in 1453. Russian aviator Alexis Rosanoff (Ramon Novarro) has an amusing moustache and a strong Mexican accent. But he evidently thought this arrangement sucked harder than his vampire counterpart. In real life, Zelle had a hot young Russian lover called Captain Vladimir de Masloff, whom she protected just as Mata Hari tries to protect Rosanoff in the film. While many scholars remain convinced that Mata Hari was indeed a spy, others contend that she was scapegoated or even framed in order to raise French morale during one of the darkest periods of the war. A spy, never! When questioned about Kalles messages, she came clean about accepting money from the Germans, but denied passing them any secrets. She then fell in love with a Russian officer, 21-year-old Russian captain, Vladimir de Masloff. Round The 'Ole Pot-Bellied Stove. During lengthy interrogations by Captain Pierre Bouchardon, a military prosecutor, Mata Hari who had long lived a fabricated life, embellishing both rearing and resume bungled and facts about her whereabouts and activities. However, MacLeod refused to provide any financial support for Zelle to support her daughter, forcing her to move to Paris alone to earn money. Cleopatra, the legendary Queen of Egypt, is said to have died on this day, famously submitting to the bite of a poisonous snake. The real Zelle had scores of well-connected lovers, including a French minister for war and a German military attach. The journey to go green is always a bit COPYRIGHT - ILAWJOURNALS.COM - LAW & CRIME NEWS, Vadim Maslov: as a Russian officer became the lover of Mata Hari, Russian anti-Mordovians: how they fought with each other, Russian Alcatraz: who put on the Solovki, 5 Legal Tips For Passengers Involved In Uber Or Lyft Accidents, Ultimate Guide to Investor Visas: What You Need to Know, Understanding When Its Time To File For Bankruptcy, Property Prices Continue to Rise in Arizona during the Coronavirus Pandemic, El Pas (Spain): Germany and the Netherlands oppose European economic recovery plan. Large, bearded, and beetle-browed, he was often cast as villains in both film and television. I never could dance well, she later admitted. Eventually, she dropped a bombshell confession: A German diplomat had once paid her 20,000 francs to gather intelligence on her frequent trips to Paris. She then turned to face the firing squad, waved away her blindfold and blew the soldiers a kiss. For some reason (perhaps excessive secrecy, or just fear of looking amateurish to his British colleagues) Ladoux now denied any connection with Mata Hari. . she snaps back. This copy is for your personal non-commercial use only. Mata Hari, once a wildly popular Dutch exotic dancer, didnt appear fazed when an interrogator confronted her with a long list of her lovers, an MI5 report released earlier this month states. Smithsonian writes that 1476, a barrel of honey preserving the severed head of Vlad Dracula the Impaler, not the vampire arrived in Ottoman-controlled Constantinople. There is scant evidence she was really an important spy, though, or working for the Germans: as even the prosecutor at her trial would admit, "there was not enough evidence [against her] to whip a cat". But Maslov, obviously, knew exactly what his lover to be able to provide. She is supposed to have replied Zelle had a comfortable childhood in the Netherlands until her fathers bankruptcy and abandonment when she was 13. Over the course of his life the brutal ruler of Wallachia had killed an estimated 80,000 people, a quarter of which had been impaled on stakes and brandished like flags of flesh outside the city of Targoviste. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Margaretha exchanged the surname Zelle for MacLeod in 1895, when she married an officer of the Dutch East India company, Rudolf MacLeod. According to data compiled by the Russian literary critic and historian Vadim and Chumakovym, Maslov after the October revolution fought in the armed forces of South Russia until 1920 he emigrated to France via Odessa (premigration details of his biography are provided). Sigismund focused on beating back the Ottomans, and Vlad the Dragon aided in that effort. IMDb's advanced search allows you to run extremely powerful queries over all people and titles in the database. She was playing to the crowd, which is what she always did., Anyone can read Conversations, but to contribute, you should be a registered Torstar account holder. Without a husband, career, and money, Zelle used her experiences in Indonesia to create a new persona, one who donned jewels, smelled of perfume, spoke occasionally in Malay, danced seductively, and often wore very few clothes. Foliants wrote that Maslova was summoned in the case of Mata Hari as the witness, he about about the case knew. She met a German attach and began tossing him bits of gossip, hoping to get some valuable information in return. Rudolf was an abusive alcoholic. Mata Hari was born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, on August 7, 1876, to father Adam Zelle, a hat merchant who went bankrupt due to bad investments, and mother Antje Zelle, who fell ill and died when Mata Hari was 15 years old. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Per History,a "horrified" Mehmed fled to Constantinople when he encountered the mass aerial grave serving as grisly bird feed for crows. Two years after her father declared bankruptcy, when Margreet was 15 her mother died and she was sent to live with her godfather. Whatever the case, the 39-year-old was assigned a German codename: H 21., Over the next several months, Mata Hari continued traveling through Europe and carrying out flings with military officers and politicians. There, she became the mistress of a French diplomat who helped her hatch the idea of supporting herself as a dancer. There are memories of a Soviet diplomat Alexei Ignatiev, in which he wrote that Vadim Maslov after the emigration took monastic vows. According to published reports, the Russian state military-historical archive, Vadim Maslov, a career officer, he is from a family of soldiers, the First world war he served in the Russian expeditionary corps in France. A long-time member of the Democratic Party and civil servant, she was elected to the Pittsburgh City Council and later served as the mayor of Pittsburgh from 1988 to 1994. By then, Wallachia had been a vassal state of the Ottomans for over 40 years. She sat as an artists model, all the while making theatrical contacts who she would use to get roles in plays, and then to begin her career as an exotic dancer in 1905. But were not. The French claimed not to know of Mata Hari when she was arrested and interviewed by British authorities in November 1916, having come to their attention because of the freedom of movement afforded to her by her neutral Dutch nationality. Wenig spter wurde Mata Hari jedoch beschuldigt, ein deutscher Spion zu sein. Her MI5 file includes the note: She had discussed the life led by people in Paris, as regards supply of food etc., had said that the English officers in Paris treated their French Allies badly, although the French went out of their way to treat them like Kings; that the French nation might live to regret that they had ever allowed the English into the country ., Even if she wanted to divulge information, there wasnt much she could say, Wark said. Hari consorted across national borders with influential lovers of various nationalities. Although she was thoroughly searched and nothing incriminating found, a report read, she is regarded by Police and Military to be not above suspicion, and her subsequent movements should be watched.. Margaretha dutifully gave birth to two children. To order copies of Toronto Star articles, please go to: www.TorontoStarReprints.com, Conversations are opinions of our readers and are subject to the. This led her to agree to spy on the Germans on behalf of the . She can't help falling for him, though, perhaps because of his amusing moustache and strong Mexican accent, or because he is so very sweet and young and stupid. Photograph: Rex Features, Greta Garbo, C Henry Gordon and Lionel Barrymore in Mata Hari. Her frequent travels across borders put her under the surveillance of French officials. But she swore to investigators that she never actually fulfilled the bargain and always remained faithful to France. While flying combat missions for France, he was shot down over the Western Front and severely wounded. If I dont have to dance, I make a trip with Marquis C. I avoid serious liaisons.. At 18 she answered a lonely hearts ad in a newspaper and shortly after married Rudolph John MacLeod, an officer in the East Indies Army, 21 years older than herself. Offered money to collect information by the Germans while in the Netherlands in 1916 she became Agent H21. Vladimir de Masloff, of the Russian army, stationed in France. The Sinking of the Lusitania and America's Entry into World War I, Biography of Georgia Douglas Johnson, Harlem Renaissance Writer, B.A., History, University of California at Davis. Anxious to make money to start a new life with him, she accepted Ladoux's deal and announced her intentions to seduce military secrets out of high-ranking Germans. "Do you know she married a Dutchman?" Both children became quite ill in June 1899. 48 Wheelwright, Femme Fatale, 93 and 100, cites newspaper reports contrasting Mata Hari with nurses in war hospitals. Best Known For: Mata Hari was a professional dancer and mistress who became a spy for France during World War I. French intelligence services have illustriously their correspondence, when oil went back to the front. The military tribunal deliberated for less than 45 minutes before returning a guilty verdict. In real life, Zelle had a hot young Russian lover called Captain Vladimir de Masloff, whom she protected just as Mata Hari tries to protect Rosanoff in the film. On behalf of King Christian IX, he concluded the first commercial treaty between Denmark and the . When faced with her acquaintances with officers of all ranks and all nations, she replied that she loved all officers, and would rather have as her lover a poor officer than a rich banker, the MI5 files note. Mata Hari had been passing information with her German military attach lover, Arnold Kalle. Though he himself had affairs, he was jealous of attention awarded to his wife by other men. British Arrest (02:49) As a French spy, Mata Hari boarded a boat for Belgium. Sources suggest the children might have been suffering the effects from over-treatment for syphilis. But the Ottoman onslaught didn't stop. He was very intimate with her from this date and constant letters pass between, he was her favourite lover, the MI5 files state. Star Newspapers Limited and/or its licensors. Despite the growing tension in Europe in the years leading up to World War I, Mata Hari foolishly knew no borders with her lovers, who included German officers. Hired by army captain Georges Ladoux, agreeing to pass military information gleaned from her conquests to the French government. Vlad would taste victory, escape capture by the Ottomans, survive imprisonment by Hungarian enemies, and reclaim his crown. She was the first woman and the first Jew to hold that office. When reporters and others interviewed her, Zelle continually added to the mystique that surrounded her by spinning fantastic, fictionalized stories about her background, including being a Javanese princess and daughter of a baron. When a radio from Kalle detailing new information was intercepted by the French, the code name H-21 was quickly assigned to Hari. Other researchers biography the last love of Mata Hari excerpt from the documents of Constantinople the main information Desk for September, 1920, according to which people with data of this officer is listed as Odessa engineer. The officers noted that on Aug. 4, 1916, she wrote to a Don Diego de Leon and then met a Capt. Once again she had found herself penniless and took the money offered to her. It is thought that Kalle knew that the code he used had been decoded. Details of the last years of the life of the beloved Mata Hari, looks like the IPinvestigators of the unknown about them no information. Real or imagined spies were convenient scapegoats for explaining military losses, and Mata Hari's arrest was one of many. Haris pioneering style made her well known, regardless of how talented a dancer she was. to colleagues, clients or customers, or inquire about 49 Britten Austin, The Fining Pot is for Silver, Strand Magazine, June 1924 [610-623], 613. Mata Haris trial began on July 24, 1917, but with cards stacked against the 41-year old former exotic dancer, its outcome was never really in doubt. He gave it to her on condition she work for French intelligence. Why Was England Invaded So Much During the 14th Century? As war swept the continent, she had some freedom of movement as a citizen of neutral Holland and took full advantage of it, country-hopping with trunks of clothing in tow. Here are 10 facts: Mata Hari was a stage name taken on by a woman born in the Netherlands as Margaretha Zelle, on 7 August 1876. Mata Hari wanted to marry him but needed to make enough money to support him. To order The famous courtesan and exotic entertainer Margaretha Zelle (Mata Hari) reaches her middle years disillusioned with life until she meets and falls in love with the dashing Russian soldier Captain Vladimir de Masloff. When she passed these bogus secrets on to Ladoux, it only seemed to confirm that she was in fact a German double agent, as hed originally suspected. Zelle lived to regret her decision to marry MacLeod, he beat her, kept a courtesan and gave her syphilis, then common among soldiers. And it might surprise you to know that, as Live Science points out, accounts of his literal bloodthirst may have originated with a mistranslation of the claim that he washed his hands in blood, which itself sounds like a metaphor blood on your hands. She sent a striking photo of herself, raven-haired and olive-skinned, to entice him. The cash-strapped dancer accepted the moneyshe later claimed she considered it payback for the assets seized from her a year earlierbut whether she actually took part in espionage is unclear. On the outbreak of war she tried to return to Paris, hoping to reconnect with old patrons there, arousing the suspicions of German officials who confiscated all her property, leaving her destitute. She was forced to return to her neutral homeland of Holland, where she resumed an old affair with a wealthy Dutch baron. As it happened, May 1914 found Mata Hari in Berlin, where she had a brief affair with a German officer in the morals (vice) division. She was actually 40 years old at the time, and her time as a dancer was long behind her. When the ship put in at Cornwall, however, British agents arrested her on suspicion of being a spy and took her back to London. Its leader was future Holy Roman Emperor King Sigismund of Hungary, who inducted Vlad's father, Vlad the Dragon, into the order, per Live Science. She was reportedly blowing a kiss at her lawyer, a nun or the firing squad, depending on whos telling the story the instant her life ended. Unfortunately for her this glamorous new career proved brief and fatal. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Mata Hari (August 7, 1876October 15, 1917) was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was arrested by the French and executed for espionage during World War I. Physician Email List Maintenance: Keeping Your List Fresh and Accurate. Rosanoff is bewitched. Suspected of being a double agent, she was executed in 1917. Anxious to make money to start a new life with him, she accepted Ladoux's deal and announced her intentions to seduce military secrets out of high-ranking Germans. A lover, Major Arnold Kalle, a German military attach sent a message in a code he knew had already been cracked by the French, identifying her as agent H21. Andriani is furious with a German captain who has served as his technical expert, and who assured him that the "new weapon called a tank" was impractical. Completing her dramatic transformation from military wife to siren of the East, she coined her stage name, "Mata Hari," which means "eye of the day" in Indonesian dialect. "It's impossible, it's impossible," Mata Hari exclaimed, upon hearing the decision. As younger dancers took the stage, her bookings became sporadic. Zelle did admit she had accepted money from Germany but claimed she treated it as payment for clothes that went missing on a German train. A Russian officer Vladimir de Masloff, of course, believe that she never actually fulfilled the bargain always. A dancer was long behind her people who met her say that she was the first woman the. 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